DESCRIPTION
The Journal of Global Business is an Journal for those who present their research at the Global Business Conference held twice a year in Manila, Philippines. This conference is organized by the Association of Training Institutions for Foreign Trade in Asia and the Pacific. The Journal contains researches of professors in business and other fields.
ISSN: 2350-7179 (Online Journal)
VOLUME 15 ISSUE 2 (2026)
Global Business Conference II
Date: June 27, 2026
Theme: “Legacy in Motion: Global Business Collaboration”
Publication Date:
Journal issues
Volume 1, issue 1 (2012)
volume 2, issue 1 (2013)
volume 3, issue 1 (2014)
volume 4, issue 1 (2015)
volume 5, issue 1 (2016)
volume 7, issue 1 (2018)
volume 8, issue 1 (2019)
volume 9, issue 1 (2020)
volume 10, issue 1 (2021)
volume 10, issue 2 (2021)
volume 11, issue 1 (2022)
volume 11, issue 2 (2022)
volume 12, issue 1 (2023)
volume 12, issue 2 (2023)
volume 13, issue 1 (2024)
VOLUME 13, ISSUE 2 (2024)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (2025)
Volume 14, issue 2 (2025)
VOLUME 14, ISSUE 3 (2025)
VOLUME 15, ISSUE 1 (2026)
VOLUME 15, ISSUE 2 (2026)
VOLUME 15 ISSUE 2 (2026)
JGB 20203
“Small Spaces, Big Choices: How Lifestyle, Investment, and Advertising Shape Baby Boomers’ Condominium Decisions”
Karla Michelle Salvador-Barrameda & Dr. Rayan Dui / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Theory of Planned Behavior, Baby Boomers, condominium, lifestyle, advertising
Abstract
This study investigates the factors influencing Filipino Baby Boomers’ intention to purchase condominium units in Metro Manila using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Specifically, the study examines how lifestyle, advertising, and investment considerations influence attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, which subsequently affect purchase intention. Although real estate marketing strategies in the Philippines primarily focus on younger generations such as Millennials and Generation Z, Baby Boomers represent a financially stable yet underserved market segment whose housing preferences continue to evolve because of aging, retirement planning, and lifestyle transitions.
A quantitative cross-sectional research design was employed. Data were collected from 308 valid respondents belonging to the Baby Boomer generation residing in Metro Manila. The study utilized Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine the direct relationships among the proposed constructs.
Results revealed that lifestyle and advertising significantly influence attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Lifestyle emerged as the strongest predictor of attitude, emphasizing the importance of convenience, accessibility, safety, and low-maintenance living among older adults. Advertising significantly strengthened trust, awareness, and confidence in condominium ownership. Investment considerations significantly influenced subjective norm but demonstrated weaker direct effects on attitude and perceived behavioral control. Furthermore, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control significantly influenced purchase intention, with perceived behavioral control emerging as the strongest predictor.
The findings contribute to the extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior in the Philippine real estate context and provide practical implications for developers seeking to target the growing Baby Boomer market. Developers are encouraged to design condominium projects and marketing campaigns that emphasize accessibility, security, healthcare proximity, and long-term comfort instead of relying solely on aspirational narratives aimed at younger buyers.
JGB 20204
“Masstige Positioning and Perceived Value Formation in Philippine Premium
Bakery Consumption”
Martin Luigi Lagustan & Dr. Miguel Paolo Paredes / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Masstige Positioning, Perceived Value Theory, Affordable Luxury, Local Bakery
Abstract
Despite growing interest in masstige marketing, research remains concentrated in fashion and technology and rarely examines Southeast Asian food contexts. Using Au Four Bakery, a women-owned boutique bakery in Cavite, as its empirical site, this study explores how Filipino consumers interpret the premium positioning of local boutique bakeries through Masstige Positioning Strategy and Perceived Value Theory. Findings suggest that premium bakery categorization is shaped more by product type and symbolic fit than by price. A premium aesthetic combined with accessible pricing produces a strong sense of value consistent with this dynamic, and products carry meaningful relational significance as gifts in social settings. However, consumers' recognition of the brand's premium and accessible identity is actively undermined by visual inconsistency across touchpoints and an overwhelming product range that generates decision fatigue. The study contributes to marketing literature by offering qualitative accounts of masstige positioning in a Southeast Asian food context, with practical implications for food sector MSMEs and for SDG 8 on decent work and economic growth, SDG 12 on responsible consumption, and SDG 5 on gender equality.
JGB 20206
“Evaluating "PediaGo!": A Web-Based Pediatric Information System with Symbolic Rule-Based Recommender and Gamification Reward”
Matthew Faith S. Somera & Beverly Estephany P. Ferrer / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Pediatric Information System, Symbolic Rule-Based Recommender, Gamification Layer, Clinical Decision Support, Progressive Web Application
Abstract
Pediatric healthcare in many clinics remains dependent on paper-based records and manual processes, resulting in data loss, medication errors, and missed vaccinations. This study evaluates the usability of PediaGo!, a progressive web-based Pediatric Information System developed for a clinic in Baguio City, to address manual record system limitations.
Following the Iterative and Incremental Model, the system was developed to serve three user roles: parents, doctors, and clinic secretaries covering growth tracking, immunization scheduling, appointment management, and clinical record-keeping. During the development phase, Functional Testing and System Testing, including User Acceptance Testing (UAT), were conducted.
Two core innovations were evaluated: a Symbolic Rule-Based Recommender, assessed on its accuracy in codifying Philippine Pediatric Society (PPS) clinical protocols into a deterministic inference engine for medication timing and temperature-based symptom triage; and a Gamification Layer (G-Layer), measured on its utility in sustaining parental engagement through a visit-verified digital sticker reward system. The Researcher-Developed Usability Feedback Questionnaire (RUFQ), adapted from the System Usability Scale (SUS), administered to 16 participants (5 doctors, 1 secretary, 10 parents), yielded 100% agreement across all ten items, interpreted as highly usable and intuitive, affirming PediaGo!'s contribution to pediatric care digitalization per UN SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being.
JGB 20207
“A Permissioned Blockchain and Decentralized Document Referencing Prototype for Multi-Agency Land Transaction Coordination in Baguio City”
Denver F. Butz & Dr. Randy B. Domantay / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Smart Contracts, Blockchain, Decentralized Document Referencing, IPFS, Multi-Agency Coordination.
Abstract
Land transaction processes in the Philippines involve multiple government agencies, fragmented information flows, and extensive document verification activities that may contribute to processing delays, limited transaction visibility, and administrative inefficiencies. These challenges become more complex when various land transaction categories, including residential, agricultural, commercial, industrial, mixed-use, institutional, and subdivision-related property transfers, require participation from different regulatory authorities before ownership transfer can be completed. This study presents the design, development, and evaluation of a permissioned blockchain and decentralized document-referencing prototype intended to support multi-agency land transaction coordination in Baguio City.
The study adopted a developmental research approach utilizing an iterative Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodology aligned with modern iterative and incremental software engineering practices (Pressman & Maxim, 2020). Workflow analysis, document review, process observation, and stakeholder consultations were conducted to examine existing land transaction procedures and identify system requirements. The proposed framework integrates Ethereum-compatible smart contracts, MetaMask authentication, and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) decentralized document referencing to support transaction traceability, escrow-based transaction management, sequential approval validation, and ownership-transfer processing. The framework supports workflows involving agencies responsible for agrarian compliance, land administration, urban planning and zoning, environmental regulation, taxation, property assessment, and land registration.
Results demonstrated the successful implementation of blockchain-supported transaction monitoring, smart-contract escrow validation, decentralized document referencing, and ownership-transfer simulation. Functional testing confirmed the successful execution of core smart contract functions, while IPFS integrity verification demonstrated the ability to detect document modifications through Content Identifier (CID) validation. User Acceptance Testing yielded an overall mean score of 4.58, interpreted as Strongly Agree, indicating positive participant perceptions regarding usability, transparency, workflow visibility, and overall functionality. The findings demonstrate the potential of blockchain-supported coordination frameworks to improve transaction traceability, approval transparency, and document-reference integrity within future digital land administration environments.
JGB 20208
“Tapi: NFC Smart Keychains as a Paperless Innovation for Sustainable Consumer Practices”
Cedeño, Patricia, E., Galido, Athena Margarette, C., Garcia, Nathaniel Jun, D.J., Tizon, Bea Marie, T., & Manuel, Generie, M. / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Sustainable Consumption, Bamboo Keychains, Student-led Enterprise, Near-Field Communication (NFC), Eco-friendly Product Design
Abstract
Paper waste remains a persistent environmental concern, yet practical alternatives are underutilized. While studies show a growing preference for eco-friendly products, most focus on large-scale industries or general consumer attitudes. Less attention is given to how small-scale, student-led sustainability innovations influence actual behavior. This gap is relevant to United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12, which calls for responsible consumption but often overlooks grassroots, design-based solutions. This study examines Tapi, a student-led enterprise that produces customizable bamboo keychains embedded with Near-Field Communication (NFC) technology. The product serves as a paperless alternative for information sharing and personal expression. The study aims to determine whether this innovation can encourage sustainable practices while remaining practical and appealing. A convergent mixed-methods approach combined five months of sales tracking with qualitative feedback from surveys, informal conversations, and observations during on-site and online engagement. Early results show encouraging uptake, with 68 units sold. Users generally appreciated the product’s design, customization, and convenience, with a majority integrating it into daily use by attaching it to bags or lanyards. However, approximately 7% of users experienced minor difficulties with the NFC feature, indicating a need for clearer guidance and ongoing support. Overall, the findings suggest that small, student-led initiatives can play a meaningful role in promoting sustainable habits, especially when products are both useful and personally relevant. The study highlights how localized innovations can complement broader environmental efforts while emphasizing usability in encouraging adoption. Future research should focus on long-term behavior tracking and larger-scale deployment to assess sustained environmental impact.
JGB 20209
“Information Flow Between Money Supply and Inflation in The Philippines: A Symbolic Transfer Entropy Approach”
Vicente Salvador E. Montaño, Keren Ruth L. Bubutan, Maria Khrystinah Teresa C. Benigay, Norjelou T. Ferandos / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Symbolic Transfer Entropy, Inflation Targeting, Money Supply, Information Theory
Abstract
This research investigates the directional information flow between money supply and inflation in the Philippines from 2000 to 2022. Conventional macroeconomic models often assume linear relationships that fail to account for the noisy financial environments and structural shocks characteristic of emerging markets. To address these complexities, this study employs Symbolic Transfer Entropy, a parameter-free, information-theoretic measure that quantifies uncertainty reduction between variables. Utilizing annual data for Broad Money growth, Broad Money as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation, preliminary diagnostics revealed significant non-normality and non-stationarity in the monetary series, justifying a distribution-independent symbolic approach. Results indicate a statistically significant information flow from Inflation to Broad Money growth (ETE = 0.236, p = 0.079), while the reverse monetarist direction—from money supply to inflation—was statistically non-significant (ETE = 0.0494, p = 0.422). These findings suggest that the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas operates as a reactive institution under an inflation-targeting regime, where monetary aggregates are adjusted in response to price dynamics rather than serving as their primary driver. Furthermore, formal break tests confirm parameter stability in the inflation-to-money-growth dynamic alongside a mid-decade shift in monetary depth. This research supports United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 1, 8, and 9 by providing data-driven insights for maintaining price stability and economic resilience.
JGB 20212
“A Comparative Study on the Impact of Board Gender Diversity, Ownership Concentration, Institutional Concentration, and Corporate Social Responsibility on the Profitability of Publicly Listed Banking Firms in ASEAN-4 Countries”
Lukban, Roanne Gabrielle G., Natividad, Cathleen Joy B., Dizon, Bethina Victoria; and Ocampo Tan, Michelle Brendy C. / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Board gender diversity, Ownership concentration, Institutional ownership, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Profitability
Abstract
This research .. In the rapidly evolving financial sector of Southeast Asia, the profitability of banking institutions is increasingly influenced by corporate governance and social responsibility practices. This study examines the impact of board gender diversity, ownership concentration, institutional ownership, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the profitability of publicly listed banking firms in the ASEAN-4 countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand. Grounded in Agency Theory, Stakeholder Theory, Resource Dependence Theory, and the Resource-Based View, the study investigates how these governance mechanisms affect firm performance across diverse regulatory contexts. Using panel data from 2019 to 2024, profitability is measured via Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Tobin’s Q. The analysis employs Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effects, and Random Effects controlling for firm-specific factors (total assets for firm size, age, leverage, and GDP growth), and dummy variables for pandemic years (2020–2021) and bank type (Islamic versus conventional).
Board gender diversity is measured by the number of women on the board, ownership concentration by the shareholding of the top 5 shareholders, institutional ownership by the percentage of shares held by institutional investors, and CSR by Social Contribution Value per Share (SCVPS). A purposive near-census sampling design is used to identify key relationships and examine how cross-country governance differences shape profitability. The findings provide insights for policymakers, investors, and executives on leveraging inclusive leadership, transparent ownership structures, institutional investor participation, and social contributions to enhance financial performance and promote sustainable growth in ASEAN-4 banks.
JGB 20213
“The Impact of Digital Financial Inclusion on Economic Development in Asian Countries: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis”
Juan, Colleen Ashley C., Cruz, Joseph Angelo E., Labajanan, Hermione B., and Ocampo Tan, Michelle Brendy C. / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Digital Financial Inclusion, GDP per Capita, Economic Development, Panel Data Analysis, Macroeconomic Factors
Abstract
Financial inclusion refers to the access to and use of affordable financial services by individuals and businesses, while Digital Financial Inclusion (DFI) delivers these services through platforms such as mobile banking, e-wallets, and online lending, thereby expanding accessibility. This study examines the relationship between DFI and economic development, proxied by GDP per capita, across 31 Asian countries using panel data from 2014, 2017, 2021, and 2024. Guided by Systems Theory, the study tests the hypothesis that DFI positively influences economic development and that this relationship may vary under different macroeconomic conditions. A composite DFI index is constructed to capture variations in digital financial access and usage. The analysis employs panel regression techniques, incorporating macroeconomic control variables such as population growth, capital formation, unemployment, government expenditure, and gross domestic savings. It further evaluates the moderating effects of inflation, urban population growth, and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, recognizing that macroeconomic conditions may influence the relationship between DFI and economic development. The results indicate that DFI has a positive and statistically significant effect on GDP per capita, suggesting that digital financial systems enhance financial access, economic participation, and resource allocation. While the moderating effects are not statistically significant in the baseline fixed-effects model, quantile regression results reveal heterogeneous effects across different levels of economic development. This study contributes to the literature by providing updated, region-specific evidence on the role of DFI in promoting economic development in Asia. The findings offer insights for policymakers and regulators on how to strengthen digital financial systems, reduce inclusion gaps, and foster inclusive and sustainable economic development.
JGB 20217
“Performance Analysis of Urban Logistics and Last-Mile Delivery in Marikina City: An Exploratory SEM-Based Path Analysis”
Ronald C. Barriga & Dr. Roland M. Simbre / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Exploratory SEM-based path analysis, last-mile logistics, delivery inefficiency, urban freight transport, traffic congestion, route characteristics, secondary data analysis
Abstract
Urban logistics has become increasingly complex as growing population densities, expanding e-commerce activities, and rising consumer expectations place greater pressure on last-mile delivery operations. In highly urbanized areas such as Marikina City, traffic congestion, route constraints, demand concentration, and operational costs can significantly influence delivery performance. This study examines the factors associated with delivery inefficiency in Marikina City through an exploratory SEM-based path analysis using secondary operational data. The dataset consisted of sixteen barangay-level observations (N = 16) compiled from traffic monitoring reports, digital mapping platforms, Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) population records, and Department of Energy (DOE) fuel-price data covering the period 2020-2025. The study assessed the relationships among traffic congestion, route characteristics, demand density, cost factors, and the Delivery Inefficiency Index (DII), a composite measure derived from normalized travel time and estimated delivery cost indicators. Because the analysis relied on a limited number of barangay-level observations, the model was treated as an exploratory path-analysis framework using observed composite variables rather than a confirmatory latent-variable SEM approach.
The findings suggest that traffic congestion exhibited the strongest association with delivery inefficiency (β = 0.61), followed by route characteristics (β = 0.48), demand density (β = 0.36), and cost factors (β = 0.29). Exploratory model assessment showed acceptable fit across the reported indicators (CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.065, and SRMR = 0.058), although the results should be interpreted with caution given the limited sample size.
Overall, the study provides preliminary insights into the operational factors that may influence last-mile delivery performance in urban environments. Beyond identifying key drivers of delivery inefficiency, the study proposes a Dynamic Congestion-Responsive Routing Framework (DCRRF) that integrates traffic monitoring, demand-density assessment, route evaluation, and adaptive route management as a practical decision-support approach for improving urban logistics performance. The findings may assist logistics providers, urban planners, and local government units in developing data-informed strategies to enhance delivery efficiency in highly congested metropolitan areas.
JGB 20218
“Investor-State Mediation in the Context of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership”
Angela Ray T. Abala / Read Full Paper
Keywords
ASEAN, investor-state disputes, mediation, investment arbitration
Abstract
The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), a free trade agreement (FTA) involving Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, came into effect in January 2022. It is now the largest trading bloc in history. Compared to other FTAs and bilateral investment treaties, RCEP does not include an investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism, which allows private investors to file a case directly against a state. It does provide, however, that the parties to the agreement will discuss investment dispute settlement within two years of the effectivity of RCEP and shall conclude it within three years of the commencement of discussions. This means that discussions should have started in January 2024 and will end in January 2027.
This article looks into the reasons why ISDS was not included in RCEP. This article also suggests that investor-state mediation fits within the RCEP framework, as well as the core principles of ASEAN Centrality and the ASEAN Way.
JGB 20229
“Effects of Supervisor Incivility on Employee Turnover Intention in Law Firms: Emotional Exhaustion as Mediator”
Johanna Marie T. Lebantino, Rexzon Louie E. Ledres, Apple key G. Lucion & Jayvie O. Guballo / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Supervisor Incivility, Employee Turnover Intention, Emotional Exhaustion, Mediation Analysis
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between supervisor incivility and employee turnover intention in law firms within Makati City. The focus will be on the mediating effect of emotional exhaustion in relation to these variables. In other words, the study will determine how the negative behaviors of the supervisors contribute to the emotional exhaustion among employees and how it leads to their intention to leave the firm. Correlational research design was used and data were obtained using a survey involving 367 employees from law firms.
Results of the study indicate low perceptions of supervisor incivility among respondents, but experience high emotional exhaustion, suggesting a tendency for burnout at work. Participants strongly agreed that they experience burnout due to work activities (Mean = 4.16) and feel tired after working hours (Mean = 4.05). Likewise, almost half (44.96%) of the participants revealed that they tried to quit their jobs, although respondents also exhibited moderate levels of turnover intention, especially when considering leaving the job if there are better opportunities.
Statistical analysis was determined that the impact of supervisor incivility is positively correlated with emotional exhaustion and emotional exhaustion is positively correlated with employee turnover intention. From the structural model, it was shown that supervisor incivility accounted for 24.5% of the variation in emotional exhaustion (R²= 0.245) while supervisor incivility and emotional exhaustion accounted for 36.0% of the variation in employee turnover intention (R²= 0.360).
JGB 20231
“Job Satisfaction and Willingness to Stay Among Court Personnel: The Mediating Role of Work Life Balance”
Gabriel C. Dalumpines, Rosella Angela J. Lirio, Queenie A. Lomugdang & Jayvie O. Guballo / Read Full Paper
Keywords
job satisfaction, willingness to stay, work-life balance, court personnel, employee retention, mediation
Abstract
This research … This study aims to investigate the relationship between Job Satisfaction and Willingness to Stay, and to observe the mediating role of Work-Life Balance among court personnel. The researchers gathered data from 200 court personnel from the Halls of Justice in Mandaluyong City and Quezon City. The study used a descriptive-correlational research design and purposive sampling with proportional allocation. The findings showed that court personnel have a high level of job satisfaction, a positive work-life balance, and a strong willingness to stay in their job. The results also revealed that job satisfaction has a strong positive effect on both work-life balance and willingness to stay. However, work-life balance does not have a significant effect on their willingness to stay, which means it does not mediate the relationship between job satisfaction and willingness to stay. This shows that for court workers, being happy with their actual job is the main reason why they stay, and not just because of their work-life balance. The researchers recommend that court administrators and human resource personnel should focus on strengthening job satisfaction and maintaining supportive workplace practices to keep their employees from leaving.
JGB 20232
“Organizational Commitment and Work Performance in Law Firms: The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence”
Dumanon, Angelica T., Erojo, Jazper Kweyd F., Felicidario, Erich S., & Guballo, Jayvie O. / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Organizational Commitment, Work Performance, Emotional Intelligence, Mediation Analysis
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between organizational commitment and work performance of employees of law firms. It explores the mediating role of emotional intelligence within the stressful work environment of the legal profession. The study further identifies, determines, and compares the levels of organizational commitment, emotional intelligence, and work performance of law firm employees. A descriptive-correlational research design was used in this study. A total of 300 employees from different law firms based in Makati and Taguig, Philippines, were purposefully sampled for the study. A questionnaire consisting of three established standardized scales on organizational commitment, emotional intelligence, and work performance was used to collect the necessary data from the respondents. The obtained data were analyzed using weighted mean, Spearman's rho correlation, and Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between organizational commitment, emotional intelligence, and work performance. Moreover, organizational commitment and emotional intelligence were found to decrease negative employee behavior in the workplace. However, the results indicated that emotional intelligence does not mediate the relationship between organizational commitment and work performance. The study concluded that enhancing organizational commitment, as well as integrating emotional intelligence training, would be an effective strategy to improve employee performance. Law firm managers can use the study's findings to formulate strategies to achieve optimal employee performance. Management practices that boost organizational commitment and foster employee intelligence will lead to enhanced workplace performance, preventing behavior that impedes work outcomes and facilitating work environments conducive to professional success.
JGB 20233
“Managerial and Supervisory Support and Employee Retention Intention in Law Offices: A Basis for Policy Development”
Cambri, Mary Joy E., Castillo, Christine May P., Cotamora, Christy I. & Guballo, Jayvie O. / Read Full Paper
Keywords
managerial support, supervisory support, employee retention intention, law offices, policy development
Abstract
This study examined the relationship of managerial and supervisory support on employees’ retention intention in law offices and served as a basis for policy development. Specifically, the study aimed to explore the relationship between managerial support, supervisory support, and employees’ willingness to stay in law offices located in Pasig City and Mandaluyong City. The study employed a quantitative correlational research design to determine the association between perceived managerial and supervisory support and employee retention intention. Using purposive sampling, data were collected through a structured survey questionnaire administered to 300 administrative personnel and staff employed in selected law offices in Pasig City and Mandaluyong City. Statistical tools utilized for data analysis included Frequency and Percentage Distribution, Weighted Mean, Standard Deviation, and Spearman Rho Correlation. The findings revealed that respondents generally perceived a favorable level of managerial and supervisory support and demonstrated a strong willingness to remain in their respective organizations. Correlation analysis indicated a positive and significant relationship between both supervisory support and managerial support and employees’ retention intention. The results suggest that employees who perceive higher levels of support from their supervisors and management are more likely to remain with their organization. Furthermore, the study found that supervisory support, characterized by day-to-day guidance, communication, and assistance, may exert a more immediate and direct influence on employees’ retention intention than broader managerial policies and organizational practices.
JGB 20234
“Ing Guinu Manatili Ya Kekayu (The Lord Be with You): Narratives of Faith, Tradition, and Resilience among Pampanga’s Religious Artisans in the Development of Creative and Sustainable Tourism”
Kurt Iverson R. Petras & Rachelyn Ruth L. Santiago, PhD / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Kapampangan Sacred Art, Pagsasanto, Religious Tourism, Creative Tourism, Sustainable Livelihoods and Tourism
Abstract
The Philippines has a long-standing culture of sacred art, a significant expression of faith, shaped by the Spanish colonial influence, indigenous traditions, and Catholic devotion. Pampanga remains a vital center of this heritage through its vibrant culture of pagsasanto, the creation, restoration, care and veneration of sacred images. While previous literature has focused on churches, festivals, and religious sites, limited attention has been given to the religious artisans whose labor sustains the culture. This qualitative study employed a case study design in phenomenological inquiry approach that examines the lived experiences, challenges, and contributions of Pampanga’s religious artisans, including mandukit (woodcarvers), manpukpuk (metalworkers), encarnador (ecclesiastical painters), burdadero (embroiderers), florista (floral designers), and camareros/recamaderos (image custodians). Data were gathered through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with artisans, parish personnel, and tourists (n=26) and were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Six interrelated themes have emerged: a) the habitus and panata of local religious stewardship; b) acclaimed mastery of sacralized craftsmanship; c) collective stewardship through social networks and shared responsibility; d) from sacred objects to shared experiences; e) market, tradition, and innovation; and f) institutional exclusion and structural vulnerability. The findings reveal the phenomenon of “Liturgy of Labor,” where spiritual capital, specialized skills, and social networks intersect. The study therefore proposed the S.A.N.T.O. (Stewardship, Apprenticeship, Networking, Tourism and Operations Oversight) Framework for Sustainable Artisanship as an evidence-based contribution to strengthen community-based creative tourism, safeguard intangible cultural heritage, and promote sustainable local development.
JGB 20239
“From Process Efficiency to Recruitment Effectiveness and Candidate Experience: Examining the Mediating Role of Funnel Quality”
Gerald S. Sapinoso, MBA & Ezekiel Edison U. Nemis, MBA / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Process Efficiency, Funnel Quality, Candidate Experience, Perceived Recruitment Effectiveness, Recruitment Management.
Abstract
Recruitment process efficiency has traditionally been measured through key performance metrics such as hiring speed, recruiter productivity, and candidate time-to-fill. However, limited research has examined the mechanisms through which recruitment efficiency processes contribute to candidate-centered and organizational recruitment outcomes. This study investigated the effects of Process Efficiency on Funnel Quality, Candidate Experience, and Perceived Recruitment Effectiveness, as well as the mediating role of Funnel Quality in a Philippine Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) context. Grounded in Process Theory, Service Quality Theory, and Signaling Theory, the study employed a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design using an existing dataset consisting of 132 recruiters from BPO organizations in Ortigas Center, Pasig City. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, simple linear regression, and mediation analysis with bootstrapped confidence intervals. The findings revealed that Process Efficiency significantly influenced Funnel Quality (β = 0.643, p < .001), Candidate Experience (β = 0.455, p < .001), and Perceived Recruitment Effectiveness (β = 0.336, p < .001). Funnel Quality was also found to significantly affect Candidate Experience (β = 0.339, p < .001) and Perceived Recruitment Effectiveness (β = 0.357, p < .001). Mediation analysis showed that Funnel Quality did not significantly mediate the relationship between Process Efficiency and Candidate Experience. However, Funnel Quality fully mediated the relationship between Process Efficiency and Perceived Recruitment Effectiveness, indicating that recruitment efficiency contributes to effectiveness primarily through improvements in the recruitment funnel quality. The study concluded that recruitment effectiveness depends not only on operational efficiency but also on the quality of candidate progression, screening, and conversion throughout the recruitment process. The findings contribute to recruitment literature by identifying Funnel Quality as a critical process-based mechanism linking recruitment efficiency to organizational recruitment outcomes and provide practical insights for recruitment management within the Philippine BPO sector.
JGB 20240
“Development of a Portable Low-Voltage Motor Control Training System for Electrical Machines Laboratory Instruction (2024)”
Mark Andrew R. Anacleto, REE, RME, M.Eng., LPT, Bryan James J. Valenzuela, RECE, Leonardo V. Surio, RcE, MESE, Renz Raphael C. Gotomanga, RMeE, MSME, & Amelita B. Cruz, RCE, MBA, MSCE / Read Full Paper
Keywords
motor control, portable trainers, low-voltage, engineering education, experiential learning, Instructional tools and Equipment
Abstract
Practical laboratory activities contributes to the learning of students and it plays critical role in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering education because they allow students and even instructors as demonstrations to apply classroom discussions to real motor control wiring and application. Through hands on exercises, students develop technical knowledge and also the practical skills needed to understand the operation and control of electrical motor and machines. Despite their importance, many of the motor control trainers currently available in engineering laboratories are mainly costly, large, and difficult to move and not trainer or beginner friendly. Most also rely on high-voltage power sources, which can limit their flexibility for classroom use and require additional safety precautions during laboratory activities. While a number of studies and trainers have introduced motor control trainers for instructional purposes, these systems have generally focused on functional performance. Comparatively less attention has been given to combining portability, low-voltage operation, compact construction, and the ability to perform multiple motor control experiments with the consideration learners’ errors of within a single training platform.
This study focused on the design, development, and evaluation of a Portable Low-Voltage Motor Control Training System intended for Electrical Machines laboratory instruction for the Baliuag University. A Research and Development approach was adopted using the ADDIE instructional development framework to guide the entire process from design to evaluation. The resulting trainer combines four of the most basic motor control applications which are the start-stop control, forward-reverse control with electrical interlocking, manual-off-auto operation, and timer relay control. These are considered to create a single compact, briefcase-style unit. Designed to operate at low voltage, the system prioritizes user safety while remaining portable, easy to use, and suitable for a wide range of laboratory learning activities.
The developed trainer was assessed and tested by twenty-two (22) Engineering students from Mechanical and Electrical department using a validated evaluation instrument. It yielded an overall mean score of 4.26 (SD = 0.52), indicating that the trainer was “Very Acceptable” in terms of its functionality, efficiency, usability, and portability which is further scrutinized in the methodology. The evaluation instrument also demonstrated excellent reliability yielding a Cronbach's alpha of 0.942, while the corrected item-total correlation analysis confirmed that the questionnaire possessed satisfactory construct validity. In addition, the results of the independent-samples t-test showed there is no significant difference statistically between the ratings given by Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering students (t = 1.08, p = 0.310), suggesting that both groups shared a similar assessment and views of the trainer's overall quality and performance.
The study validates that the developed Portable Low-Voltage Motor Control Training System for the Baliuag university is a dependable instructional tool for Electrical Machines laboratory courses focus to Electrical and Mechanical Engineering students. By combining portability, low-voltage operation, modular motor control functions, and a compact design, the trainer offers several advantages compared to conventional training systems available. These features enhance safety, improve accessibility, and provide a practical and cost-efficient solution for laboratory instruction for the Baliuag University. As a result, the developed trainer has strong potential to support hands-on learning and enrich engineering education by making motor control training more flexible, engaging, and accessible.
JGB 20241
“Applying SERVQUAL to Air-Conditioning Service: Effects on Customer Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention”
Ezekiel Edison U. Nemis, MBA / Read Full Paper
Keywords
SERVQUAL, Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Repurchase Intention, Switching Cost, PLS-SEM, Air Conditioning
Abstract
This study examined the relationships among service quality, customer satisfaction, switching cost, and repurchase intention in the air-conditioning (A/C) service industry among residential and business customers in selected cities of the National Capital Region (NCR), Philippines. Despite the widespread application of the SERVQUAL model across various service industries, empirical evidence in technical service contexts, particularly within the Philippine air-conditioning service sector, remains limited. Guided by the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) Theory, this study conceptualized service quality as a higher-order construct comprising the five SERVQUAL dimensions. A quantitative cross-sectional research design was employed, and data were collected from 159 qualified respondents through a structured questionnaire administered via online and face-to-face surveys. The proposed model was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with a two-stage hierarchical component modeling approach to examine direct, mediating, and moderating relationships. The results revealed that service quality significantly and positively influenced customer satisfaction (β = 0.873, p < .001) and repurchase intention (β = 0.375, p = .002), while customer satisfaction significantly influenced repurchase intention (β = 0.487, p < .001). Furthermore, customer satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between service quality and repurchase intention, accounting for approximately 53% of the total effect. In contrast, switching cost did not significantly moderate the relationships between service quality and repurchase intention or between customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. Among the SERVQUAL dimensions, empathy, reliability, and responsiveness emerged as the strongest drivers of customer satisfaction. These findings suggest that customer retention in the NCR air-conditioning service industry is primarily driven by superior service quality and customer satisfaction rather than by switching barriers. The study contributes to the service marketing literature by extending the application of SERVQUAL as a higher-order construct within a technical service context, providing empirical support for the mediating role of customer satisfaction within the S-O-R framework, and offering practical insights for service providers seeking to strengthen customer retention through service excellence.
JGB 20242
“Training Needs Analysis of Hospitality and Tourism Management Faculty for Standardized Professional Development in Selected Higher Education Institutions Offering HM and TM Programs”
Jefferson S. Marcelo / Read Full Paper
Keywords
faculty development, hospitality management education, tourism management education, professional development, training needs analysis
Abstract
This research … This study assessed the training needs of Hospitality and Tourism Management faculty members in selected Higher Education Institutions in the National Capital Region (NCR), Philippines, as a basis for developing a standardized professional development framework. Specifically, the study examined the profile of faculty members in terms of academic rank, employment status, educational attainment, teaching experience, and industry experience; determined their level of competence in instructional and pedagogical practices, assessment and evaluation, industry engagement, research involvement, extension activities, and quality assurance participation; and identified significant differences in training needs when grouped according to selected profile variables. The study utilized a quantitative descriptive-comparative research design involving 134 Hospitality and Tourism Management faculty members selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-developed and validated Training Needs Analysis (TNA) questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and analysis of variance. The findings revealed that faculty members demonstrated very high competence in Outcomes-Based Education implementation, experiential and laboratory-based teaching strategies, and classroom and laboratory management practices. However, only moderate competence was observed in curriculum mapping, assessment analytics, student intervention strategies, industry engagement, research productivity, extension activities, and quality assurance participation. Significant differences in training needs were found when respondents were grouped according to academic rank, educational attainment, years of teaching experience, and industry experience, while no significant differences were observed based on employment status and professional certifications. The results indicate that although faculty members possess strong instructional competencies, substantial developmental needs remain in research, industry linkage, assessment systems, extension services, and quality assurance processes. Consequently, the study recommends the implementation of a standardized, competency-based, and differentiated faculty development framework to enhance faculty capabilities, support institutional quality assurance initiatives, and strengthen the overall quality of Hospitality and Tourism Management education.
JGB 20243
“Community Readiness for Barangay-Level Tourism Development: A Community-Based Action Research and Intervention Study in Barangays Singkamas and Tejeros, Makati City”
Marcelo, Jefferson S.; Lerma, Leus; Amutan, Shirley / Read Full Paper
Keywords
community-based tourism, community readiness, community-based action research, sustainable tourism development, stakeholder participation
Abstract
This study assessed the readiness of Barangays Singkamas and Tejeros, Makati City, for barangay-level tourism development through a Community-Based Action Research (CBAR) approach. Specifically, the study examined community readiness in terms of tourism awareness and perception, stakeholder participation and engagement, local tourism resources and attractions, leadership and governance support, and tourism-related skills and capacities. It also identified community strengths, opportunities, challenges, and development needs; engaged stakeholders in participatory planning activities; developed and implemented community-based tourism interventions; and evaluated their effectiveness in enhancing tourism readiness.
The study employed a Community-Based Action Research design involving barangay officials, community leaders, residents, local entrepreneurs, youth representatives, and partner organizations. The study collected data through survey questionnaires, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, community consultations, and tourism asset mapping activities. Descriptive statistics, including weighted mean and ranking, were utilized to analyze quantitative data, while thematic analysis was employed for qualitative data.
The findings revealed that the communities demonstrated a high level of readiness for tourism development, with an overall mean of 3.72. Stakeholders identified strong community support, active local leadership, cultural identity, and strategic location as major strengths, while limited tourism-related skills, inadequate facilities, and insufficient funding emerged as primary challenges. Community-based interventions, including tourism awareness seminars, heritage mapping workshops, hospitality and customer service training, community tour guiding workshops, and tourism entrepreneurship programs, were successfully implemented. Post-intervention results showed significant improvements in community readiness, increasing from an overall mean of 3.72 (High Readiness) to 4.43 (Very High Readiness). Stakeholders likewise reported enhanced tourism awareness, stronger community participation, improved tourism competencies, and greater confidence in supporting tourism initiatives.
The study concluded that Community-Based Action Research effectively strengthens community readiness and promotes sustainable barangay-level tourism development. The resulting Community Tourism Development Action Plan and PARTNERS Sustainability Framework provide practical mechanisms for sustaining future tourism initiatives within the participating communities.
JGB 20244
“Modeling Cultural Image Formation in Heritage Tourism: The Roles of Heritage Knowledge and Responsible Tourism Behavior”
John Brienford Calunod / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Heritage Tourism, Cultural Image Formation, Heritage Knowledge, Tourist Behavior, Sustainable Tourism.
Abstract
The cultural image of heritage destinations plays a vital role in shaping visitor perceptions, destination competitiveness, and heritage sustainability. Despite the growing importance of heritage tourism, limited research has examined how tourism students, as future tourism professionals and heritage advocates, contribute to cultural image formation. This study investigates the association between heritage knowledge, responsible tourism behavior, and cultural image formation of Intramuros, Manila, one of the Philippines’ most significant heritage destinations.
Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data were collected from tourism students who had visited Intramuros within the previous three months. A validated survey questionnaire was employed to assess respondents’ levels of heritage knowledge, responsible tourism behavior, and perceptions of cultural image. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were utilized to determine the relationships among the study variables and to identify significant predictors of cultural image formation.
The findings indicate that tourism students possess a strong understanding of the historical, cultural, and tourism significance of heritage sites and demonstrate responsible behaviors that support heritage conservation and preservation. Both heritage knowledge and behavior were found to be significantly associated with perceptions of cultural image. Moreover, behavioral engagement emerged as a key factor in strengthening positive cultural image formation, suggesting that meaningful interaction with heritage resources enhances appreciation and understanding of cultural heritage.
The study contributes to heritage tourism literature by providing an empirical model of cultural image formation among tourism students. The findings highlight the importance of integrating heritage education and experiential learning into tourism programs to foster responsible tourism practices and support the long-term sustainability of heritage destinations.
JGB 20245
“Leadership Skills in the BPO Industry vis-à-vis Employees Job Performance and Self-Efficacy”
Mary Ann S. Viñas, Kristel Marie G. Punzalan, Rolando R. Calma, Jonniefel M. Martinez, Frederick A. Inoncillo, Sammy Isidro P. Pagaduan, Nathaniel E. Cruz / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Business Process Outsourcing Leadership Skills; Self-efficacy; Job Performance
Abstract
With the onset of the pandemic, workplace dynamics shifted to remote work arrangements in order to ensure that business continues and employees are safe. This shift brought tremendous changes in leadership and one’s self-efficacy and job performance. Using a descriptive-correlational design, the study seeks to identify the levels, differences, and relationships in job performance and self-efficacy between remote and onsite BPO employees and analyze how leadership skills affect these outcomes. A total of 86 respondents were chosen using purposive sampling. Major findings indicate that both remote and on-site workers show positive perception toward the leadership of their supervisors. Furthermore, self-efficacy is found to be significantly related only to the remote workers’ job performance. Lastly, although onsite workers scored slightly higher in terms of job performance rating, no significant difference in overall job performance of both remote and on-site workers. Overall, the research underscores the importance of adopting and devising strategies that are flexible and can be integrated for both remote and onsite environments to ensure that there are long-term resilience and competitiveness in the ever-changing and evolving BPO landscape.
JGB 20246
“The Green Advantage: Eco-Friendly Practices and Visitor Engagement in Nuvali, Laguna as Basis for a Sustainable Marketing Plan”
Erica A. Hernandez / Read Full Paper
Keywords
eco-friendly practices, visitor engagement, sustainable tourism, ecotourism marketing, Nuvali Laguna
Abstract
Sustainable tourism has emerged as a strategic approach for destinations seeking to balance environmental conservation, visitor satisfaction, and long-term competitiveness. This study examined visitors' perceptions of eco-friendly practices and visitor engagement in Nuvali, Laguna, as the basis for developing a sustainable marketing plan. Specifically, it assessed visitors' perceptions of biodiversity conservation, waste management, energy efficiency, and sustainability-oriented recreational activities, as well as their level of engagement in terms of interaction, participation, and interest. The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design. Data were collected from 200 local and international visitors aged 18 years and above who had experienced Nuvali's eco-friendly attractions using a researcher-developed questionnaire. The instrument was content-validated by five experts in tourism, hospitality, and research and pilot-tested with 20 respondents, yielding a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.70, indicating acceptable internal consistency. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings revealed that visitors generally held positive perceptions of Nuvali's eco-friendly practices and reported high levels of engagement with its sustainability initiatives and nature-based attractions. Visitors demonstrated strong environmental, behavioral, and cognitive orientations toward sustainability, while interaction and interest in eco-friendly attractions were likewise rated highly. ANOVA results revealed a significant difference in visitors' perceptions according to visitation frequency (F = 2.97, p = .04), indicating that visitors with different visitation patterns perceived Nuvali's sustainability initiatives differently. However, no significant difference was found in visitor engagementacross visitation-frequency groups (F = 2.46, p = .07). Post hoc analysis further indicated that groups with different visitation purposes and frequencies exhibited varying perceptions of Nuvali's eco-friendly initiatives, suggesting that visitor motivations may influence sustainability perceptions. The study concludes that positive visitor perceptions of eco-friendly practices support destination attractiveness and provide a foundation for sustainable destination marketing. Based on the findings, a sustainable marketing plan is proposed focusing on sustainability education, digital engagement, eco-friendly visitor programs, and community-based environmental initiatives. These strategies are expected to strengthen visitor experiences, promote responsible tourism behavior, and reinforce Nuvali's position as a leading sustainable tourism destination in Laguna while contributing to sustainable destination branding and ESG-oriented tourism management.
JGB 20250
“Health and Well-Being of Motor Taxi Riders: A Quantitative Study of App-Based Transport Workers”
Carla Andrea L. Mendoza, Ashera Cassie De Jesus, Niña Althea C. Nepay, Dzyaireh Quinn A. Santos, & John Christian Espinola / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Motorcycle taxi riders, Quality of life, App-based transportation
Abstract
The rapid growth of motorcycle taxi services in the Philippines has created flexible employment opportunities and improved urban transportation accessibility (International Labor Organization, 2022; Asian Development Bank, 2023). Despite these contributions, app-based drivers are exposed to occupational and financial risks that may adversely affect their overall well-being (Hsieh et al., 2023; Hinagpis and Mendoza, 2026). 456 Mototaxi driver participated in this non-experimental descriptive research. Results revealed a "good" rating for self-assessment across physical health (54.2%), emotional status (73%), occupational condition (73.2%) social function (73.7%), financial and economic security (48%), lifestyle and health practices (68%), perceived quality of life (72.8%). These findings demonstrate resilience despite demands, reflected in strong social connectedness, emotional stability, job satisfaction, and positive outlook in their lives. Respondents also demonstrated positive work and health practices, including safe riding habits (x=3.35), flexible scheduling based on their personal needs (x=3.21), and regular take breaks between trips (x=3.16). These indicate a strong foundation for road safety and service reliability, contributing to reduced accident risks, improved operational efficiency, and higher satisfaction and retention customer insurance claims, and improved customer trust; the riders value autonomy in managing work hours which can improve rider satisfaction and retention. Inferential results showed no differences across demographic groups, suggesting the applicability of broad, uniform interventions. However, significant differences were observed in occupational well-being by educational attainment; social and financial-economic well-being by motorcycle ownership; financial-economic well-being by average daily trips, health coverage benefits, and alternative income sources; perceived quality of life by work-related accident experiences; and in social, financial-economic well-being and lifestyle and health practices by experiences of passenger harassment or abuse. These highlight key business implications for platform operations and policymakers to implement targeted rider-support interventions, financial protection mechanism, safety training, insurance coverage, and stronger system monitoring.
JGB 20251
“Keep Calm and Smile: Exploring Smiling Leadership, Psychological Safety, and Employee Engagement in Philippine and Malaysian Workplaces”
Eric S. Parilla, Chere Y’turralde & Sook Fern / Read Full Paper
Keywords
smiling leadership, psychological safety, employee engagement, emotional leadership, Southeast Asian workplaces
Abstract
This study examined how smiling leadership affects employee engagement and the mediating role of psychological safety among employees in Philippine and Malaysian workplaces. Using a quantitative cross-sectional approach, we collected data from 120 full-time employees, split evenly between Malaysia and the Philippines. We gauged smiling leadership using emotional authenticity, approachability and warmth, affective regulation, and the creation of a positive emotional climate, while we captured psychological safety through voice safety, error tolerance, interpersonal trust, and a learning-plus idea-sharing climate. Employee engagement was then assessed using vigor, dedication, and absorption, with the usual indicators.
For the analysis, the study used descriptive statistics, regression methods, PLS-SEM, bootstrapped mediation, measurement invariance testing, and multi-group analysis. Overall, the results suggested that smiling leadership, psychological safety, and employee engagement were positive in both countries, though levels were higher for the Philippine respondents. Psychological safety fully mediated the link between smiling leadership and employee engagement, meaning the effect moved through psychological safety. Overall, these findings emphasize authentic smiling leadership as a culturally relevant behavior that boosts engagement by cultivating workplaces where people feel psychologically safe.
JGB 20253
“The Role of Trade Openness and IFRS in Banks’ Income Smoothing through the Use of Loan Loss Provisions in the Philippines”
Dominic N. Narag & Arnel Onesimo O. Uy / Read Full Paper
Keywords
income smoothing, loan loss provisions, trade openness, IFRS
Abstract
Loan loss provision is one of the most important accrual items in the banking industry. The amount of loan loss provisions recognized is primarily determined by the quality and performance of the loans, as guided by the IFRS Accounting Standards, but because it is an accrual item, professional judgment and discretion are still involved in determining the amounts recognized. There is conflicting evidence from different countries and regions regarding the existence of income-smoothing behavior using loan loss provisions. Additionally, the role of trade openness and the argument that income smoothing is informative rather than obfuscating have been tackled in recent years. With this, it is important to assess whether income smoothing behavior exists in the Philippines' banking industry, and the role that trade openness plays in this phenomenon. Using ordinary least squares regression on country-level data, evidence suggests that income smoothing behavior exists in the Philippines' banking industry, as reflected in loan loss provisions. Interestingly, trade openness is negatively associated with income smoothing behavior. However, IFRS 9's impact is not statistically significant. Using pooled OLS on bank-level panel data, heterogeneity in income smoothing behavior by bank type cannot be reliably observed due to dataset limitations. Findings of this study may be relevant to standard setters who may want to provide guidelines for better disclosures about the amounts surrounding provisions, especially when the existence of income smoothing practice may indicate the incorporation of forward-looking information.
JGB 20258
“WildBox: Integrating 3D-Printing and Digital Eco-Education into the Sustainable Philippine Collectible Market”
Joaquin Vito M. Pacannuayan, Jianatos V. Alvarro, Reyhan Shilo Bonto, Jed Lawrenz Palado, Khurt Daneal Reyes, Nerisse Estrada-Esguerra / Read Full Paper
Keywords
student-led enterprise, blind box, environmental education, sustainable products
Abstract
WildBox is an innovative student-led enterprise that offers educational blind-box collectibles featuring endangered species native to the Philippines, where approximately 15–23% of its terrestrial vertebrate species are at risk of extinction. Despite the immense commercial success of the blind box toy market, the industry relies heavily on non-biodegradable synthetic plastics, exacerbating the global solid waste crisis. By leveraging consumer demand for blind box toy figurines, integrating digital eco-education, and using biodegradable materials, Wildbox aims to pivot the contemporary “anik-anik” pop culture trend toward active environmental advocacy.
The flagship line features four key Philippine native species: the Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi), the Philippine Tarsier (Carlito syrichta), the Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), and the Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus). Each collectible is accompanied by a printed eco-education card. By scanning the QR code on the card, consumers are directed to a digital microsite featuring detailed information, interesting facts, and conservation videos provided by experts.
Ultimately, Wildbox demonstrates that the thrill of mystery collectibles can be successfully harnessed to foster a culture of protection. Findings from the market, operational, and financial analyses indicate that the business is feasible, showing consumer interest, manageable production costs, and revenue potential. By bridging the gap between commercial trends and environmental responsibility, WildBox shows that a sustainable model can possibly transform everyday consumers into guardians of biodiversity, promoting the idea that the passion for collecting today protects the wildlife of tomorrow.
JGB 20261
“A Comparative Physicochemical and Sensory Analysis of Biko Prepared with Different Concentrations of Commercial Stevia Powder as a Natural Sugar Alternative”
Margaret Anne S. Alberto, Zoe Beatriez G. Culilang, Alyanna Frances C. Herce, Sasha H. Ravanzo, Leah D. Madrazo / Read Full Paper
Keywords
sugar substitute, commercial stevia, traditional Filipino rice desserts, physicochemical analysis, sensory evaluation
Abstract
Traditional Filipino desserts often rely heavily on refined sugar, contributing to public health concerns, including diabetes and obesity. This led to increased interest in healthier alternatives that retain flavor and quality. This study assessed whether stevia, a natural, low-calorie sweetener, could serve as an acceptable sugar substitute for biko, a Filipino rice cake delicacy. Specifically, samples with different stevia substitution ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% w/w) were analyzed in a laboratory setting to assess moisture content, water retention capacity, and reducing sugar content. Moreover, samples underwent quality scoring for flavor, sweetness, hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and overall quality. Analysis shows that gradual sucrose removal steadily increased the relative detectability of reducing sugars, with average absorbance value rising from 0.0225 in the control to 0.0635 in the 100% stevia formulation. Quality scoring indicated more favorable sensory characteristics in moderate stevia substitution compared to higher substitution levels. The 25% stevia substitution achieved the highest scores for flavor (5.27±1.39), sweetness (4.73±1.39), and overall quality (5.33±1.35). In contrast, the 100% stevia formulation obtained the lowest overall quality rating. In terms of texture, cohesiveness increased as the proportion of stevia increased, while hardness and chewiness showed no consistent trend across the samples. Findings suggest that partial substitution of stevia can maintain acceptable sensory quality in biko, supporting its potential use in healthier traditional desserts, while higher levels negatively affect product acceptability.
JGB 20262
“Job Satisfaction and Burnout Among Nurses: Implications for Workforce Retention and Healthcare Quality”
Rachel Ann R. Diaz, Jose A. Grayda, Racquel DC. Cruz, Mary Ann M. Mangulabnan, Cecilia C. Yasa, Ken Paul M. Espinosa / Read Full Paper
Keywords
burnout, healthcare quality, job satisfaction, nurses, workforce retention
Abstract
Nurses’ job satisfaction and burnout are critical factors influencing the retention rates of workforce and high-quality healthcare delivery. This study examined the levels of job satisfaction and burnout among nurses at San Miguel District Hospital, Philippines, using a descriptive quantitative research design. Forty nurses were selected through a purposive sampling technique. The results of the study revealed a high job satisfaction level among nurses, specifically in the areas of workload and workplace conditions, management and supervision, and communication, implying efficient management and communication structures. Nevertheless, pay and benefits and recognition and rewards areas emerged requiring continuous improvement. Moreover, nurses also reported a moderate level of burnout, characterized primarily of work-related frustration, high work demands, and emotional disengagement. This indicated that although the hospital fostered highly favorable workplace conditions, challenges in compensation, recognition, and workload management still persist. Enhancing nurses’ job satisfaction and reducing burnout within the institution are essential in fostering a more supportive and satisfying work environment for nurses, thus, implementing targeted measures to address the identified gaps in workplace could improve quality healthcare outcomes and higher workforce retention.
JGB 20263
“An Analysis on the Overpricing of Blind Boxes and the Respective Consumer Purchasing Behavior in Greater Metro Manila”
Barraquio, Kyra C., Camu, Athena Danielle S., Guzman, Alea Louise V., Olmedilla, Melanie Allison M., & Riglos, Edrei Jochanan M. / Read Full Paper
Keywords
blind boxes, pricing strategies, perceived overpricing, consumer behavior, psychological motivations
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationship between perceptions of blind box pricing and consumer purchasing behavior. Guided by the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) framework, the study employed a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were analyzed using reliability analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), correlation analysis, multiple linear regression, and GLM mediation analysis in Jamovi. In contrast, qualitative data were examined through thematic analysis to provide deeper insights into the statistical findings. An online survey was distributed across Greater Metro Manila to individuals aged 15–30, yielding a sample of 156 respondents.
The findings indicated that value perception does not have a statistically significant effect on purchasing behavior in response to perceived overpricing. The results further implied that blind boxes are generally perceived as overpriced, particularly when there is a mismatch between price and perceived quality. However, perceptions of overpricing were found to be subjective and influenced by factors such as consumers’ financial capacity and external market forces.
Among the factors examined, collectivism emerged as the strongest mediator between perceived overpricing and purchasing behavior. This suggested that consumers who were more engaged in collecting culture may continue purchasing blind boxes despite perceiving them as overpriced. While consumers tend to purchase fewer blind boxes when they perceive them as overpriced, overpricing alone does not fully explain consumer purchasing behavior. These findings highlighted the complexity of consumer decision-making, in which factors beyond price may be associated with purchasing behavior. Future research may explore additional factors influencing purchasing behavior beyond perceived overpricing.
JGB 20264
“Resource Optimization for Baguio Teachers’ Camp: The TaraCamp Web-based Facility Reservation System”
Nicole B. Deocales, Alyssa Mari F. Albarda, Ma. Angela Shane L. Usi, Janez Vera P. Acosta, Khianna Orin Q. Gozum, and Ria Andrea N. Fernandez / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Public Accommodation Sector, Digital transformation, Resource Optimization, Web-based Reservation System, Iterative Software Development
Abstract
The need for effective accommodation and facility reservation services has highlighted the significance of technology solutions that simplify the booking process and enhance customer satisfaction. Public accommodation facilities using manual paper-based reservation systems experience double bookings, confirmation delays, inaccurate record keeping, and problems with processing reservations. This study proposes a web-based reservation management system, TaraCamp, to modernize the reservations of Baguio Teachers’ Camp. This system provides the ability for reservation and communication between guest and administrator.
Guests can create an account, browse accommodations, send reservation requests, upload required documents, get notifications and track booking status. The administrative users have the role based access to manage reservations, oversee transactions, approve/reject requests and generate reports. The system uses MongoDB to store and manage reservation records, user information and supporting documents.
The development process adopted an iterative development approach to gather requirements and improve the system during the development. The requirements were analyzed and incorporated into the system design to ensure the system is usable and has good performance. The applicability of the developed application was tested for the functionality, performance and system validations.
TaraCamp improved reservation processing, information availability, administrative burden, manual errors and guest-staff communication. The reservation experience was improved through digital document processing, automated notifications and real-time reservation monitoring. The study demonstrated the ability of TaraCamp to modernize reservation management and to be a model for digital transformation in similar lodging and public sector service environments.
JGB 20265
“Unboxing Blind Box Consumerism and Sustainability Among Millennials and Gen Zs”
France Lizette L. Capellan & Evangelica C. Duran / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Blind box consumerism, Theory of Planned Behavior, Purchase Intention, Sustainability
Abstract
This study employed a quantitative approach, supported by open-ended responses, to examine the factors influencing blind box purchase intention among 212 Filipino Millennials and Gen Z consumers in Metro Manila. Anchored on the extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the study investigated the influence of attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), environmental knowledge (EK), and digital literacy and eco-friendly behavior (DE) on purchase intention (PI) within the context of blind box consumerism.
Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that ATT, SN, and DE were significant positive predictors of PI, whereas PBC and EK were not statistically significant predictors. Qualitative findings complemented these results by indicating that although respondents recognized the environmental implications of blind box consumption, such awareness was often expressed after purchase through feelings of eco-guilt associated with excessive plastic packaging, rather than influencing purchase intention at the point of purchase.
Moderation analysis further indicated that the generational cohort did not significantly moderate the relationships between the TPB constructs and PI, suggesting that these relationships were consistent across Millennials and Gen Z consumers. Overall, the findings indicate that the experiential and social appeal of surprise box collecting may outweigh sustainability considerations during purchase decision-making. The study contributes to the growing literature on surprise box consumerism by providing insights that may inform sustainable product design, consumer awareness initiatives, and circular economy practices within the collectible toy industry.
JGB 20266
“Green Straws: An Exploratory Study on Students' Preferences for Sustainable Straw Alternatives at DLSU SHS Laguna Campus”
Martin, Jianne Marvic & Odoño, Windie L. / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Sustainable Straws, Consumer Preferences, Environmental Awareness, Plastic Pollution, Single-Use Plastic Pollution
Abstract
This research explores the awareness, preferences, and willingness of Senior High School students at De La Salle University (DLSU) Laguna Campus to adopt sustainable straw alternatives. Plastic pollution from single-use plastic straws has been a significant threat to oceans, with the Philippines ranking third globally in terms of contributions. This study aims to determine students' levels of environmental awareness, their willingness to switch to reusable alternatives, and the specific factors that can motivate them to do so.
Using a mixed research design, data were collected via survey questionnaires from 22 students across various academic strands and grade levels. This study used descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis. The outcome shows a high level of environmental awareness among respondents. While students expressed a general willingness to switch, this readiness is heavily conditional on practical factors. Price, availability, and hygiene were identified as the primary key factors of consumer choice.
The study highlights the need for eco-friendly straw alternatives that simultaneously meet environmental and functional expectations to encourage actual adoption. It suggests that targeting consumers' attitude adjustments alone will not fix plastic waste; instead, institutional interventions, such as providing sustainable straw alternatives in school canteens or stores, are required to translate high awareness into actual behavior.
JGB 20268
“Laced Up: Functional and Stylish Shoelace Clips for Filipino Youth”
Tarragon Sage B. Cu, Estrell Lorain M. Evangelista, Maica Joana Victoria H. Jimenez, Isabel Rafaela M. Santos, Lance Johann S. Sastrillo & Marife M. Magsino / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Generation Z, Social Entrepreneurship, Conjoint Analysis, Footwear Accessories, Advocacy Advertising
Abstract
This study examines consumer preferences, pricing boundaries, and product-market fit for advocacy-driven shoelace accessories among Filipino Gen Z consumers. Through Laced Up, a student-led social enterprise founded at De La Salle University-Laguna that explores how handcrafted, functional shoelace accessories can integrate self-expression, sustainability, and social advocacy. The study used a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design, combining quantitative conjoint analysis with qualitative focus group discussions (FGDs). Data were collected from 70 senior high school students at De La Salle University–Laguna through an online survey, and 14 participants selected from the survey respondents participated in FGDs. Findings in this study revealed that the type of material was the most influential product attribute (importance score = 70.64), with fabric appearing as the most preferred material. Respondents also preferred large charms and safety-pin attachments. More than half of the participants preferred a price below ₱100.00, while most favored purchasing through both physical and online channels. Qualitative findings further highlighted the importance of design themes, durability, convenience, sustainability, and advocacy-centered collections that promote self-expression and social awareness. The results informed the development and launch of Laced Up, a socially driven shoelace accessory brand. This study can give insights into social entrepreneurship by showing how consumer insights can be used to create affordable, advocacy-oriented products that balance profitability with meaningful social impact.
JGB 20269
“Technology Acceptance and Customer Satisfaction in QR Code Menu Utilization: Contributions to Sustainable Hospitality and Tourism Development”
Erica Hernandez & Miguel Angelo Perez / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Technology Acceptance Model, QR Code Menu, Customer Satisfaction, Hospitality Digitalization, Sustainable Tourism Development, SDGs
Abstract
The rapid digitalization of hospitality services has accelerated the adoption of QR code menus as an innovative and contactless dining solution. Despite their increasing use in restaurant operations, customer acceptance and satisfaction with this technology remain important considerations, particularly among middle-aged consumers. This study examined the relationship between technology acceptance and customer satisfaction in the utilization of QR code menus among restaurant diners in Quezon City, Philippines. Anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), specifically Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness, and Customer Satisfaction Theory, the study evaluated the effectiveness of QR code menus in enhancing dining experiences and supporting sustainable hospitality practices. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data were collected from 400 restaurant customers aged 18 to 59 years through a structured survey questionnaire. The sample size was determined using the Raosoft sample size calculator based on the estimated customer population. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression techniques were employed to analyze the data. Results revealed that respondents generally perceived QR code menus as easy to use, useful, convenient, and efficient. Perceived Ease of Use significantly influenced Perceived Usefulness, while both variables demonstrated positive and significant relationships with customer satisfaction. Moreover, customer satisfaction was identified as a strong predictor of continued intention to use QR code menus. Findings suggest that QR code technology contributes to operational efficiency, improved service delivery, and reduced paper consumption. The study highlights the perceived contribution of QR code menus to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 8, 9, and 12 by promoting productivity, digital innovation, and responsible consumption. The findings provide valuable insights for hospitality practitioners seeking to enhance customer experiences while supporting sustainable tourism and hospitality development.
JGB 20270
“Employees’ Perception of Procedural Justice: A Study of a Filipino - Chinese Educational Institution”
Mary Jennyrose L. Elep & John Michael E. Tolentino / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Procedural Justice, Employee Perception, Human Resource, Neutrality, Respect, Trust, Voice
Abstract
Employees are no longer concerned solely with extrinsic rewards; they now look beyond what is offered within the organization and prioritize a workplace that fosters a positive environment. This is captured in procedural justice, which is primarily concerned with the fairness of how decisions are made. Employees' perceptions of a decision are not limited to the outcome itself but also extend to how that decision was reached. Despite its importance, there remains limited literature investigating employees' perception of procedural justice in the workplace. By examining how employees perceive each of the procedural justice principles, namely neutrality, respect, trustworthiness, and voice, this study seeks to address this gap. The study employed a quantitative, descriptive research design with a purposive sample of 42 employees, representing 91.30 percent of the population selected from a private school. Data were gathered using a validated six-point Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed using mean and standard deviation to determine whether procedural justice exists in the selected private Filipino-Chinese school. The findings revealed that all four principles received ratings indicating slight agreement on their presence, as perceived by employees. The findings also suggest that employees in the participating private Chinese-Filipino school generally perceive procedural justice to be evident; however, its practice across departments has not yet sufficiently reached a certain level that is both strong and consistent. These results highlight the need for the Filipino-Chinese Institution to strengthen fair procedures in their decision-making processes.
JGB 20271
“Blockchain for Financial Inclusion: A Prototype Remittance Model for Filipino Migrant Workers”
Isiah Syd S. Colsim / Read Full Paper
Keywords
blockchain, remittance, Overseas Filipino Workers, financial inclusion, Stellar
Abstract
This study designed, developed, and evaluated BlockLedger, a blockchain-supported remittance prototype for Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) and their beneficiaries in the Philippines. The prototype addresses recurring remittance concerns: cost uncertainty, processing delays, repeated data entry, limited transaction-status visibility, and weak auditability. Using a developmental research design, BlockLedger was implemented as a mobile-first web application built with Laravel, Inertia.js, Vue.js, Tailwind CSS, MySQL, and a Stellar Testnet-oriented proof layer. It supports an end-to-end workflow covering registration, profile completion, electronic Know Your Customer (eKYC) submission and review, recipient management, remittance creation, transaction-limit checking, suspicious-transaction detection, compliance evaluation, mock payment confirmation, blockchain proof anchoring, receipt generation, and administrative reporting. Sensitive personal and transaction data are stored off-chain, while transaction references and payload hashes provide tamper-evident proof records. The prototype performed its intended functions across functional, access-control, proof-recording, and validation tests. An ISO/IEC 25010 evaluation by IT professionals and target users yielded an overall mean of 4.60 (Excellent / Highly Acceptable); interaction capability was rated 4.36 (Very Good / Acceptable), identifying usability as the main improvement area. The findings indicate that a blockchain proof layer can strengthen transparency, traceability, and user trust in a simulated OFW remittance workflow without exposing personal information on-chain. The study contributes a working, compliance-aware prototype and an evaluation basis for future research, while live settlement, actual cost reduction, foreign-exchange conversion, and licensed payout integration remain areas for future development.
JGB 20272
“PawThos: Canine Behavioral Analysis and Feline Facial-Landmark Detection for Early Pain Assessment”
Balberona, Edelyn T., Madrid, Mikaela Pinto, Ezekiel M., Sanchez, Ma. Anshereina P. / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Facial Expression Analysis, Canine Behavioral Analysis, BEAP Pain Scale, Feline Grimace Scale, Facial-Landmark Detection
Abstract
A communication gap between companion animals and their owners often results in delayed pain recognition, which may contribute to aggressive behavior and increased rabies risk. In San Pedro City, Laguna, the City Veterinary Office continues to address challenges in pain assessment, vaccination monitoring, and record management. This study proposed PawThos: Canine Behavioral Analysis and Feline Facial-Landmark Detection for Early Pain Assessment, a system designed to assist in early pain detection through feline facial expression analysis and canine behavioral assessment, integrated with a digital record management platform. A descriptive-developmental research design was used to evaluate the system's functionality, usability, and reliability, involving 404 respondents, including pet owners, veterinarians, IT specialists, and City Veterinary Office staff who assessed the application using ISO 25010 software quality standards. Data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentage distribution, and weighted mean. Results showed high acceptance and effectiveness across all respondent groups. The result for this survey is 4.4775, which is equivalent to a "Very Effective" interpretation. The findings indicate that PawThos effectively supports early pain detection, promotes responsible pet ownership, and enhances veterinary record management while serving as a supportive tool rather than a replacement for professional clinical judgment.
JGB 20273
“Lilaya’s Blumebeads: Repurposing Water Hyacinth and Old Magazines into Sustainable Fashion Accessories”
Matthea Mican M. Delfino, Hannah Nicole E. Zavalla, Erinloise S. San Gabriel, Zachary Lyle Q. Ultado, Naomi R. Aquino, Nerisse Estrada-Esguerra / Read Full Paper
Keywords
multifunctional accessories, water hyacinth, responsible consumption, university-community partnerships
Abstract
Lilaya is a sustainable fashion brand founded by purpose-driven student entrepreneurs to create eco-friendly, multifunctional accessories made from upcycled materials. Its flagship product, Blumebeads, features transformable accessories handcrafted from upcycled magazine-strip beads and a water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) flower-shaped pendant centerpiece. By partnering with the Sta. Rosa Livelihood Organization, Inc. (SLOI), a De La Salle University partner community, Lilaya repurposes invasive aquatic plants from Laguna de Bay into a marketable value proposition that resonates with Gen Z consumers who value ethical and responsible production.
This study investigates consumer preferences, expectations, and purchasing behaviors of Generation Z toward a sustainable fashion accessory produced by a community of artisans. Findings confirm that the use of sustainable materials and the partnership with SLOI support brand trust and purchase intention, as these initiatives are perceived as signals of an ethical and responsible business. Consequently, this research helps align product design with consumer desires while equipping the partner community with insights to develop future accessory collections.
Ultimately, Lilaya’s business model provided a highly replicable blueprint for university-community partnerships, illustrating how educational institutions can advance their social responsibility mission. By partnering with SLOI, Lilaya directly converts an environmental threat into a valuable, upcycled product. This collaborative framework completely redefines the relationship with vulnerable artisan communities, moving away from extractive charity toward a self-determined model of flourishing. By empowering rural crafters as active co-designers and paying fair, standardized wages, Lilaya builds socioeconomic capacity and supports community sustainability.
JGB 20274
“T-Sling: Analyzing SHS Student Purchase Intent for Upcycled Sling Bags from Donated Shirts”
Renz Asumen, Walfredo Dimaguila III, Earl Garcia, Patrick Pasion & Pax Punzalan / Read Full Paper
Keywords
T-shirts, Sling bags, Textile waste, Sustainable upcycling, Circular economy
Abstract
Five ABM students from De la Salle University were tasked with understanding and creating sustainable products. This activity led to the establishment of T-sling in September 2025. T-sling was created to be a student-led social enterprise to mitigate textile waste. To understand the market, the proponents focused on understanding Senior High School (SHS) students' purchase intent for upcycled fashion products. The increasing volume of textile waste has highlighted the need for sustainable alternatives that promote responsible consumption and production. This study aimed to understand senior high school students' purchase intentions, preferences, and attitudes toward upcycled fashion products, particularly sling bags made from donated or unused shirts. Guided by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG 12), the research explored the market potential of upcycled products among young consumers and examined the availability of reusable textile materials in the target market. Research was conducted using a Google Form to assess consumer acceptance and market potential of upcycled fashion products among senior high school students. Overall, the paper suggests that T-Sling is a feasible student-led social enterprise that combines sustainability, innovation, and social responsibility; addresses textile waste; and meets consumer preferences.
JGB 20278
“Understanding Filipino Consumers’ Intentions to Purchase Human Nature Feminine Wash through an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Framework”
Castro, Alessandra Mae & Jerusalem, Julie Euszel M. / Read Full Paper
Keywords
Theory of Planned Behavior, Human Nature Feminine Wash, purchase intention, environmental concern, moral norm
Abstract
This study examines how Filipino consumers’ attitudes, social influence, and perceived control shape their intention to buy Human Nature Feminine Wash. The research focuses on how these factors interact to explain consumers’ choices of eco-friendly and socially responsible products. Data are collected through an online survey of 168 Metro Manila consumers aged 18 to 44, selected using purposive sampling. The analyses evaluate the extended Theory of Planned Behavior’s applicability in predicting Filipino consumers’ intention to purchase eco-friendly personal care products by including environmental concern and moral norms as predictors of purchase intention. The study finds that attitude, perceived behavioral control, and moral norm significantly influence purchase intention toward Human Nature Feminine Wash, with attitude as the strongest predictor. Environmental concern indirectly affects intention through attitude, while subjective norm has no significant effect. Results suggest that Filipino consumers are driven more by personal values, evaluations, and accessibility than by social pressure.