DESCRIPTION

The Journal of Global Business is an annual journal for those who present their research at the Global Business Conference held annually in Manila, Philippines. This conference is organized by the Association of Training Institutions for Foreign Trade in Asia and the Pacific. The journal contains researches of professors in business and other fields.

ISSN: 2350-7179 (Online Journal)

volume 12 , issue 2 (2023)

JGB 17201

Exploring the Perceptions of Accounting Professors Toward Excise Tax on Sweetened Beverages

Jared Manalastas, Renelyn Filoteo, Beverly Manlapaz, Lycca Mae Viado & Sherie Mae Benigno / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Consumption, Excise tax, Knowledge, Perception, Sweetened Beverages

Abstract

This research aimed to explore the perceptions of accounting professors toward the excise tax on sweetened beverages. The study examined the knowledge and understanding of accounting professors regarding the excise tax on sweetened beverages. The research employed mixed-method, qualitative, and quantitative approaches, employing questionnaires with open-ended and closed-ended questions with 12 accounting professors from Dalubhasaang Politekniko ng Lungsod ng Baliwag (BTECH). The sample consists of professors with expertise in law, taxation, and accounting. The findings of the study contribute to the literature on taxation and policy-making and provide insights for policymakers on the perceptions of key stakeholders toward the implementation of excise tax. The research provides evidence that the imposition of taxes on sweetened beverages may be effective in reducing consumption among certain groups of individuals. The results suggest that accounting professors, who are likely to be well-informed about health and nutrition, have responded to the tax by decreasing their consumption of sugary drinks. These findings could have important implications for policymakers and public health officials seeking to combat the rise of obesity and related diseases. However, further research is needed to determine the long-term effects of such taxes and their impact on broader populations.

JGB 17202

A Quantitative Study on the Assessment of the Implementation of Anti-Money Laundering Practices among Banks in Baliwag City, Bulacan

Gene Paulo Bunag, Sweet Madelaine Dimapilis, Ruby Rose Garcia, Bernadette Sacdalan & Jared Manalastas / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Anti-Money Laundering, Assessment, Banks, Compliance, Preventive Measures

Abstract

The Philippines remains under a "gray" list of countries under increased monitoring for money laundering and terrorism financing risks, despite some progress in implementing measures against such financial crimes. The main target of money laundering is the financial industry. Hence, this study aims to assess the implementation of money laundering preventive measures among banks in Baliwag City, Bulacan. A descriptive research design was employed, while purposive sampling was chosen to obtain the required sample size. Twelve banks participated and only one representative per bank was included as a respondent. All outputs were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and R Programs using statistical techniques such as frequency, median, percentage, and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. Analysis of the responses demonstrates that the banks are not compliant with non-face-to-face verification for customer identification procedures. Nevertheless, results of the study indicate that the banks are fully compliant with Anti- Money Laundering practices: Customer Due Diligence/Know-Your-Customer Rule; Monitoring, Recording, and Reporting; and Internal Control and Procedures, Compliance, and Training as prescribed by the Securities and Exchange Commission. This signifies a cohesive and consistent approach to AML practices, showcasing the joint commitment of these financial institutions to safeguarding the integrity of the local financial system.

JGB 17207

Reflecting Collectivism in the Vision, Mission, and Goals (VMGs) of Cooperatives

Dr. Gerry Gatawa & Febra Canuto / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Cooperatives, Collectivism, Collective Action, Vision, Mission and Goals (VMGs), Social Audit, Semantic Analysis

Abstract

Collectivism is a philosophy that can be applied as an economic, social, and political construct that encourages people to work together to achieve their aspirations. As observed, cooperatives exemplify collectivism because their members join collective actions to improve their economic, social, and political conditions. This study aims to reflect collectivism in the VMGs of cooperatives that embody the members' collectivist behaviors. The study employs a qualitative design using document analysis as a technique. The VMGs were derived from 482 social audit reports from cooperatives in Cordillera, Philippines, and were subjected to semantic analysis to generate economic, social, and political themes. The research found that collectivism is reflected in the cooperatives’ VMGs in three dimensions: economic, social, and political. Collectivism is a qualitative backbone that cooperates actors and members to their aspirations for better economic, social, and political conditions. Thus, the propagation of cooperatives must be strengthened and encouraged because they are viable institutions that can contribute to development.

JGB 17208

The Effect of Asset Management on Firm Performance and Value: A Panel Data Analysis among Publicly Listed Firms in the Philippines

Maria Elena Gajisan & Dr. Gerry Gatawa / Read Full Paper

Keywords

asset management, firm performance, firm value, total assets, turnover ratios

Abstract

Asset management is an activity of the firm related to its operation and capital budgeting decisions. Firms would invest in their assets and utilize them to generate income and create wealth for the shareholders. This study aims to measure the effect of asset management decisions of firms on their profitability, earnings-per-share, and market-price-per-share, indicators of firm performance and value, the latter as observed in their market value. Panel data from 100 listed firms in the Philippines through the years 2015-2019 was used in this study. The study utilized financial ratios, specifically turnover ratios such as the working capital turnover ratio (WCTO), fixed asset turnover ratio (FATO), and total asset turnover ratio (TATO), to depict the firm's asset management activities and financial performance and value. From the examination findings, the management of fixed assets, as observed in the turnover patterns, can improve the firms’ earnings-per-share (EPS) and net profit margin (NPM). Results also found that the management of working capital and total assets, as reflected in the movement of WCTO and TATO, respectively, negatively impacts EPS and NPM.

Further, FATO harms market price per share (MPPS), yet TATO registered a positive association with MPPS. Hence, the study implies that the asset management activities of a firm have varying effects on the firm’s performance and value. As a result, the management should implement various strategies along with their assets.

JGB 17209

The Effect of Dividend Decision on the Firm’s Growth and Value: A Panel Data Analysis among Publicly Listed Firms in the Philippines

Jonalyn Walay Ayabo & Dr. Gerry Gatawa / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Dividend decision, firm’s growth, firm value, asset growth, market price per share, book value per share

Abstract

The firm’s dividend decision is depicted in the dividend yield and the amount of cash it gives to its shareholders. Generally, they face trade-offs in making such a decision since it would affect their growth and value. The study aims to determine the effect of firms’ dividend decisions on their growth and value. The study used secondary data from 67 publicly listed firms in the Philippines throughout the years 2015 to 2019. The dividend issuances of firms were obtained from the firms' disclosed financial statements and reliable stock market platforms. The study focused on using dynamic panel data due to the autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity issues found in static panel data models. The study found that dividend decisions, as observed in terms of dividend per share (DPS), dividend pay-out (DPO), and dividend yield (DY), do not affect the firm's growth and value indicators such as asset growth, market price per share (MPPS), and book value (BV). The overall result supported the irrelevance theory while rejecting the "Bird in the Hand Theory," which maintains a link between dividend payout and firm value, and the "Signaling Theory," which maintains that an increase in dividend payment is a signal of future profitability that will react positively to a rise in share price. Although this study's findings challenge the widely held belief and notion that business expansion and shareholder wealth always go in the same direction and that firm size has a significant beneficial effect on shareholders, dividend decision is still a vital management concern considering the primary reason why shareholders invest in a company which is to receive dividend income, and non-payment of dividends may adversely affect the firms’ growth and value in the long-run. Firms should be more holistic in their business decisions to attain growth and increase their value. Yet dividend decision provides short-term benefits to shareholders; the firm’s long-term growth and value depend on the overall financial management decisions that tackle various aspects.

JGB 17210

Millennial’s Level of Preference Using Cashless Transaction as Mode of Payment in Online Food Purchase in Restaurant

Menandro T. Manalo, Evelyn D. Villalon, Virgilia J. Arispe, John Piolo Santiago, Xavier Ali Barreto & Joemari Zabala / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Millennials' preference level, advantages, disadvantages of cashless transaction, online food purchase in restaurants.

Abstract

Recognizing the benefits of cashless transactions to today's busy working generations, this study was undertaken to determine the level of preference of the majority of the global workforce - the Millennials in using cashless transactions as a mode of payment for online food purchases in restaurants through the assessment of its costs and benefits. Geared at investigating those above, descriptive-correlational and descriptive-comparative research designs were employed to probe the relationships between variables and further inquire if significant differences exist in the levels of preference for using cashless transactions of the Millennials across the four districts of Bulacan. Through the snowball sampling technique, four hundred (400) Millennials from the province completed the sample and answered the researchers-made, close-ended survey questionnaire through paper and pen (face-to-face) and some through an online platform. Results evidenced that Millennials from Bulacan generally prefer using cashless transactions as a mode of payment for online food purchases in restaurants. Furthermore, results demonstrated that no significant differences exist in the levels of their preferences at  = 0.05. Nonetheless, a significantly moderate positive correlation exists between the benefits of and the Millennials' preference for using cashless transactions, and a significantly high negative correlation exists between the costs of and the Millennials' preference for using cashless transactions as a mode of payment for online food purchases in restaurants. These results suggest that cashless payment could become the preferred payment mode among Millennials in Bulacan for various transactions. 

JGB 17211

The Effect of Debt Management on Shareholder’s Wealth: A Panel Data Analysis among Publicly Listed Firms in the Philippines

Angeline L. Labbutan, MBA & Gerry O. Gatawa, Ph.D. / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Solvency management, shareholder’s wealth, net profit margin, earnings per share, market price per share.

Abstract

Solvency management pertains to firms’ ability to meet their long-term commitment to their creditors while efficiently utilizing long-term debts in order to fund their operations and capital budgeting decisions. Debts generally entail risks of potential insolvency and bankruptcy; thus, shareholders are keenly observing whether the firm's solvency management could increase their wealth. The study aims to measure whether the firm's solvency management could improve the shareholder's wealth based on a 5-year panel data analysis of 103 listed firms in the Philippines. The study found that solvency management does not affect the firm's EPS; however, they are statistically significant in the ROE and the proportional change in the MPPS. The FANL and DER can influence the ROE. Meanwhile, the FANL, DER, and FL can explain the percentage change in the MPPS. The DAR has no significant effect on shareholder's wealth.

JGB 17213

Patterns of Paid-up Capital and Cooperative Membership: Do they Signal Problems of Collectivist Behavior?

Dr. Gerry Gatawa & Gladys Navarro / Read Full Paper

Keywords

collectivist behavior, cooperative membership, paid-up shares, cooperatives

Abstract

This paper explored the concept of cooperative governance through measurable indicators of the social relationship between the cooperative as a social structure and the members as major actors in the social system of collective action. This paper combined positivist and constructivist research philosophical frameworks. The paper analyzed patterns of paid-up shares and membership over a 7-year panel data of audited financial statements of 788 cooperatives. A curve estimate of data was used to interpret ex-post-collectivist behavior. The results revealed that collectivist behavior among cooperatives was manifested mostly in increasing membership but not necessarily in the growth of paid-up shares; thus, an increase in membership is different from the growth of paid-up shares. The findings implied a weak understanding of collectivist theory among cooperatives, which explains the closure of many cooperatives. A paradigm shift focused on membership commitment rather than growth is a necessary condition to ensure the sustainability of cooperatives. A behavioral changing campaign is more necessary than flyers that advertise what benefits members. Commitment to the collectivist action is an obligation that cooperatives must realize - growth in membership is only secondary to collective action. Behavioral change is necessary for organizational change. A collectivist behavior construct is embedded in how specific data from financial statements can be used to disclose behavioral nuances. The financial statement is useful beyond financial concerns, but it can be an evaluation tool that detects weaknesses and strengths of collectivist action.

JGB 17215

The Role of Firm’s Profitability on Value Creation: A Panel Data Analysis among Publicly Listed Firms in the Philippines

Katherine Vilaga & Dr. Gerry Gatawa / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Firm’s profitability, value creation, Panel data analysis

Abstract

The firm's profitability has been widely known as an important factor that can attain the objective of firms in terms of value creation. Value creation is a finance concept that encourages firms to create wealth for the shareholders. The objective of this study is to measure the role of a firm's profitability on value creation. The study utilized 5-year panel data among 95 listed firms in the Philippines. The study found that profitability has a significant effect on the firm's value through the measurement of the profitability indicators such as earnings-per-share, return on asset, and return on equity, and cash flow margin to the firm value indicators such as price-to-book-value, price-earnings-ratio, and market price per share. The study gives evidence that the firm's profitability has a role in value creation. This gives an implication to financial analysts, managers, and stakeholders that firms should improve their profitability to create wealth and value for the shareholders.

JGB 17216

The Impact of Workplace Environment on Job Performance of Business Process Outsourcing Employees

Cristle Joy Farillon, Jonalyn Ducot, Kaila Luaren Fadriquela & Jemaica Ferrera / Read Full Paper

Keywords

BPO, Performance, Workplace, Environment, Stress

Abstract

Business Process Outsourcing Industry is one of the most in-demand and employable professions. However, despite its competent employability and salary, BPO still faces a high attrition rate due to occupational stress and burnout, which are often overlooked in a workplace environment. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the workplace environment, namely the physical environment, company culture, and working conditions, on the job performance of BPO employees. Although it has been the focal point of various studies, the majority of these solely focused on one category. The simultaneous assessment of the three facets as interconnected variables in determining job performance need to be discussed more. Through a Convenience and Snowball sampling method, a descriptive survey was disseminated to 197 BPO employees from the rank-and-file position in Ortigas, Pasig City. Frequency and Percentage Distribution Method, Ranking, Weighted Mean, Krusall Wallis, and Mann Whitney were utilized to interpret the data. The study revealed that female employees dominated the BPO industry at the undergraduate level who had only been with the company for one year or less. Physical Environment attained the highest interpretation; each company has adequately provided equipment and facilities. Company Culture and Working Conditions received the lowest interpretation. Company Culture is a collection of distinct attitudes and mindsets. However, companies pose the same system when it comes to planning and decision-making. Working Conditions, shorter hours, convenience, and inclusive work conditions are factors that employees look after for satisfaction and engagement. Office Design and Layout obtained a significant difference in light of respondents’ educational attainment, while the remaining aspects have no significance. Difference when grouped according to their demographic profile. To improve performance and reduce attrition rate, BPO companies should provide flexible work arrangements, particularly regular health screening, provision of shuttle services, and daycare facilities to promote work-life balance.

JGB 17219

Evaluation of Audio-Visual Presentation Instructional Materials Used in Teaching Stenography: Basis for Enhancement/Improvement

Charlene Aguilar, Kimberly Kirsten Adlawon, Xyannielyn Aglosolos & Mark Vincent Napod / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Audiovisual, Evaluation, Shorthand, Teaching, Presentation

Abstract

The COVID-19 epidemic and online learning are some of the driving forces behind the utilization of audiovisual presentations at Rizal Technological University to facilitate the teaching of the foundation of shorthand. This study was conducted to determine the evaluation of first-year BSOA students at Rizal Technological University, Pasig Campus, to the audiovisual materials used in the online teaching of stenography with regards to the variables General Appearance and Organization, Content, and Usage as well as what suggestions they had in mind to help improve the said presentation. The lack of research on the audiovisual materials used and produced by the Department of Office Administration of RTU during online classes in stenography and the lack of recent research in the stenography field itself demonstrate the importance of this study. The study utilized a mixed method and disseminated a descriptive survey questionnaire to 98 BSOA first-year students at RTU Pasig Campus through an online form. The data was analyzed by frequency and Percentage Distribution, Ranking, Mean, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis Test. Based on the results, respondents are dominated by females, and the most used devices are phones. When evaluating the student's appearance, usage, and content are categorized based on the respondent's gender and device used, there is no significant difference; however, when content and usage results are grouped with respondents' Age, it shows a significant difference. To prevent gender bias in the results, future researchers may conduct another study with primarily male respondents in the stenography field. Moreover, to further increase the audience's satisfaction, audiovisual presentation creators may add more examples in the lessons and use creative designs and background music during the session to improve the virtual environment.

JGB 17220

Hey ChatGPT, Are AI Chatbots Trustworthy? Factors Affecting Consumers’ Trust and Attitude towards AI-Driven Chatbots

Jedys Alagon, Reuvelyne Shayne Dollete, Camille Joyce Lita, Ayesa Lubag & Blaise Mansueto / Read Full Paper

Keywords

artificial intelligence, chatbot, AI chatbot, consumer attitude, consumer trust

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots are widely popular in today’s digital technology landscape. Industries such as marketing, e-commerce, retail, banking, and travel, among others, use them to improve productivity and build better customer relationships. They help businesses save time and resources to achieve better results by automating work processes, increasing customer engagement, and enhancing user experience. Statista estimates that the global chatbot market will be worth 454.8 million US dollars in 2027, up from 40.9 million dollars in 2018. With the rise of chatbots that cater to an organization's ever-evolving customer needs, the purpose of this study is to know how attitudes and trust toward chatbots of top companies and brands in the Philippines, such as Shopee, Lazada, Globe, Grab, Cebu Pacific, and many more are established. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed to analyze answers from 205 respondents in the Greater Manila Area (GMA) through an online questionnaire. Findings reveal that perceived enjoyment and social cognition are the two chatbots. Therefore, businesses should create engaging and enjoyable chatbots that will encourage many to use them.

JGB 17221

Is E-Money the New King? A Paper Exploring Electronic Money (e-money) as Legal Tender in the Philippines

Atty. Jan Raphael Salud & Hannah Louise Lee / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Money, Electronic Money, Electronic Wallet, Legal Tender, Digital Payment Systems, Online Banking, Financial Technology (Fintech)

Abstract

Money is a social and political concept shaped by the times. In the Philippines, technological advancements — coupled with the necessities brought about by the pandemic — incited innovations in electronic money (e-money) and electronic wallets (e-wallets). As a result, payments traditionally settled in cash or through cash transfer via electronic banking can now be settled with the simple touch of a mobile phone. Nevertheless, this paper argues that e-money is not legal tender within the Philippine legal framework because monetary obligations could only be discharged by payment of fiat money, despite the creditor's objection. This precept applies to e-wallet transactions because e-wallet users no longer exchange fiat money but the e-money, which they had previously purchased from the e-money issuers. Moreover, due to a lack of explicit statutory and regulatory recognition and concerns surrounding security and uniformity of acceptance, e-money in the Philippines has yet to reach the level of adoption that would render cash obsolete. Therefore, e-money, while functional, is merely an optional substitute for the Philippine Peso. 

JGB 17224

The Interactions and Tradable Instruments in Various Markets Pre and During COVID-19 Pndemic

Marycris Albao, Dioscoro Baylon & Melvin Jason De Vera / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Oil Price, Gold, Silver, Philippine Stock Exchange Index

Abstract

This paper investigated the Granger causality among selected tradable instruments in various markets. A statistical analysis of the daily closing prices for these tradable instruments was conducted before the advent of COVID-19 and at its peak. The study showed that the relationships among the tradable instruments were varied, some of which showed no causality, some unidirectional, and others bidirectional in both periods. Also, some relationships did not change in those mentioned periods of COVID-19 of these tradable instruments. Pre-COVID-19, the Philippine equity market (PSEI) exhibited a unidirectional relationship with gold and oil prices. Corollary, there were bidirectional causalities between the following pairs: Oil and Treasury bills, oil and silver, oil and gold, Treasury bills and silver, Treasury bills and gold, and silver and gold. However, at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was established that there were unidirectional relationships between PSEI and oil, gold and PSEI, and gold and silver. On the other hand, there were bi-directional relationships between the following: PSEI and silver, oil and Treasury bills, oil and silver, and Treasury bills and silver.

JGB 17227

Level of Knowledge and Preparedness towards Online Financial Fraud of Parents of Senior High School Students

John Christian Espinola, Bernard M. Cutchon, Nicole Ashley B. Oguing, Sophia Vea A. Cayco, Jeosa Jemika P. Borcena, Nick Gavin L. Dalisay, Alexa Risha C. Galang, John Ronald S. Sabuya & Kateleen Rizie R. Tiong / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Online financial fraud, fraud awareness, fraud preparedness, cybersecurity, cyber threats 

Abstract

As more people use digital platforms for financial activities, online fraud has become a serious threat. The psychological distress created by recent crises like the pandemic increased individuals' cybercrime vulnerability. Prior studies claim that one's knowledge is proportional to a person's preparedness. Hence, this research attempts to further comprehend the relationship in hopes of decreasing the population's susceptibility. This non-experimental study surveyed 297 parents of senior high school students. The 32-item questionnaire consists of demographics, knowledge assessment, and preparedness evaluation. Findings revealed that the majority are approaching proficiency regarding cybersecurity knowledge. In relation to this, most are considered extremely prepared against cyber fraud.

Contrary to multiple studies, this indicates no significant relationship between the level of knowledge and degree of preparedness, stating that there is a negligible correlation. This signifies that knowledge and preparedness are independent and that knowledge is optional to be considered thoroughly prepared. Despite the preconceived idea that adults residing in urban areas and accomplishing tertiary education, this study provides a new perception that the said population still has insufficient knowledge and capability. Thus, this research can benefit anti-cybercrime groups, financial institutions, and bank users by shedding light on the reality of current fraud awareness and preparedness. The researchers advise focusing more on strategies to equalize the knowledge and preparedness of the population, which will help them to be less susceptible to financial fraud. In addition, the paper can aid the online banking industry concerning cybersecurity and implement preventative measures with a user-friendly interface.

JGB 17228

He aha te kai a te Rangatira? He Korero, He Korero, He Korero: Exploring Communication Barriers in New Zealand’s Primary Healthcare System

Kushla Porter & Darlyn Chutuape / Read Full Paper

Keywords

leadership, communication, primary health care, health care management

Abstract

“What is the sustenance of the chief? It is communication. It is communication. It is communication.”

Communication in healthcare is critical for meeting the long-term needs of patients and for maximizing organizational effectiveness and efficiency. While all nations strive to achieve a well-integrated health delivery system, it is widely acknowledged that healthcare delivery - including that of the primary healthcare system - is beset with issues such as inconsistent referral procedures and processes, which result in delays and, ultimately, misdiagnoses of patients. The consensus amongst literature suggests that a large portion of medical malpractice claims are the direct result of communication failures. Literature has also highlighted barriers that exist within the provider-to-patient communication system but seldom address issues that commonly arise along the provider-to-provider communication system. The implications of these issues are further magnified amongst underserved communities such as indigenous populations or those in the lower socio-economic strata.

This proposed qualitative study aims to explore valuable insights into communication issues experienced by healthcare staff who are at the heart of the provider-to-provider communication system. Exploring underlying issues could mitigate and even eliminate communication barriers, leading to increased efficiency in the primary healthcare system and improving patients' health outcomes.

JGB 17229

Consumer Purchase Intention and Behavior toward the Online Agricultural Market during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Liza Mae Fumar, Angelique Blasa-Cheng, Maricel Balatbat, Lyka Laurence Samson & Rafael Luis Narciso / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Agricultural Products, Consumer Online Purchase behaviour, Buy Local

Abstract

In recent years, many traditional physical markets in the Philippines have shifted towards digital and online platforms. Among the industries that are slowly following the trend is the agricultural sector, wherein various online stores have opened to sell agricultural products. However, there is little information on the subject matter, specifically the different factors that can entice consumers to shift from the traditional to the digital method of buying agricultural products. In this study, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) model was utilized to determine factors that have significant effects on consumer online purchase intention and behaviour; moreover, it sought to determine if there would be moderating effects in terms of Age, Gender, Experience, and Willingness to Buy Local. A sample survey of 207 respondents aged 21 - 40 years old and current residents of the Philippines was obtained for analysis. The analysis was done through a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to determine the relationships and effects of the indicating variables of the study with the latent variables. The study results showed that Facilitating Conditions, Price Value, and Habit were significant indicators of online purchase intention for agricultural products. Gender, Experience, and Willingness to Buy Local also had significant moderating effects on given independent variables of the study.

JGB 17231

Academic Performance and Personal Entrepreneurial Competency among ABM Students

Shiny Rose Salem Narit / Read Full Paper

Keywords

accountancy business and management track, entrepreneurial competencies, principles of marketing, business finance, academic performance

Abstract

The accountancy, business, and management (ABM) strand provides learners with vital abilities to excel in a globally competitive business environment. It equips them with managerial know-how, numerical fluency, and literacy aptitude for success as entrepreneurs. Tony Wagner identifies a gap between what schools teach and what young people need to know to succeed in the 21st century. One of Tony Wagner's survival skills for the 21st century is initiative and entrepreneurship: The ability to take risks, be creative, and seize opportunities. (Driscoll, 2020). The study intended to determine the Academic Performance of the La Salle Academy ABM Grade 12 students in their two major subjects and assess their entrepreneurial competency ratings using a descriptive correlational research design. Using the 55-item Personal Entrepreneurial Competency (PEC) self-rating questionnaire of Management Systems International (MSI), 118 ABM students could assess their ten entrepreneurial competencies. Results showed that the student's academic performance in marketing principles is still approaching proficiency while business finance is still developing. The students had a moderate level of entrepreneurial competencies.

Moreover, the demand for quality and efficiency and commitment to work contracts reveal a significant relationship in the academic performance of the two primary subjects, while information-seeking competency reveals a significant relationship in the business finance academic performance of the students. This study recommends strengthening entrepreneurial-related activities in ABM major subjects to intensify students' entrepreneurial competencies. Future research may involve multiple senior high schools in diverse regions, enhancing inclusivity and extending the potential for broader applicability.

JGB 17232

The Effect of Cash Management on Firm Performance and Value: A Panel Data Analysis among Publicly Listed Firms in the Philippines

Mehdi Afsarikashi & Dr. Gerry Gatawa / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Cash management, financial performance, firm value, cash conversion cycle, cash flow adequacy, cash flow margin, cash flow return on assets, return on equity, earnings per share, market price per share

Abstract

Cash management involves maintaining an adequate level of cash, revolving cash, and generating returns from using cash. Primarily, a firm would ensure that cash is available for use, and cash should not be maintained idle, and it should be used to support the firm's activities to generate returns and build wealth for the shareholders. This study aims to measure the effect of cash management decisions on a firm's return on equity, earnings per share, and market price per share. The study analyzed panel data among 78 publicly traded firms from 2015 to 2019. It was found that the firms' level of cash (in cash) and cash flow margin (CFM) could diminish the return on equity (ROE). It was also found that cash flow adequacy (CFA) could diminish the market price per share (lnMPPS). This implies that firms and financial managers must determine an appropriate level of cash and attain a desirable CFM, as it can diminish the return being generated for the shareholders. In addition, firms must maintain an appropriate CFA as it could diminish the MPPS. This study implies to global businesses that cash management is essential as it can diminish firm performance and value.

JGB 17236

Swipe Right or Swipe Left: Filipino Gen Z’s Use of the Top 3 Dating Apps (Tinder, Bumble, and OKCupid) in the Philippines

Franchesca Nicole Collantes, Marriane Ann Elnar, Jayvee Fontarum, Joena Faye Aeriah Nacino & Alfonso Vicente Ignacio Santos / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Gen Z, Dating Apps, Tinder, Bumble, OkCupid, Brand Loyalty, Brand Advocacy

Abstract

Dating apps are rising among Filipino Generation Z (Gen Z) individuals aged 18-26. This study examines how Filipino Gen Zs use the top three dating apps—Tinder, Bumble, and OkCupid—and examines their preferences and motivations. Using the Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT), the study explores the link between continued app usage and brand advocacy, modifying Hidayanto et al.’s (2018) six gratification factors. Data was gathered from 110 respondents in the National Capital Region and Greater Manila Area (Laguna et al.). The findings reveal that Tinder is the most popular app among the population, while Bumble is the preferred choice for its user-friendly interface, match quality, diverse user base, and security features. In general, these top three apps meet users' needs, with motivations ranging from entertainment to seeking romantic relationships, casual dating, and socializing. This study offers valuable insights into how Filipino Gen Z users engage with dating apps, providing a deeper understanding of their experiences and perspectives in the Filipino context.

JGB 17237

From Lab to Shopping Cart: Exploring the Purchase Intention of Labor Force from Greater Manila towards Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Chrystel Venus Fonseca, Rose Anne Aya, Sandra Roseanne Samala, Shimea Quim Villanueva & Gloria Pauline Negre / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Genetically Modified Organisms, Labor Force, Biotechnology, Purchase Intention

Abstract

As one of the most progressive countries in science, the Philippines still perceives GMOs negatively due to non-government organizations' anti-GMO views. Literature on GMOs cites limited understanding and awareness as the cause of negative perception. This study aims to examine the knowledge levels of the labor force in Greater Manila and its role in purchase intent, considering knowledge, attitude, and social media guided by the theory of planned behavior. With a legal bill filed in 2020 proposing product labeling, studying Filipino purchase intent is timely. This study used a convergent parallel mixed methodology to gain deeper insights into the labor force. Through the analysis, all groups’ knowledge does not correlate with respondents’ intention to purchase (H2), but their attitude positively affects their purchase intention (H3). Only the ignorance group’s knowledge influences their attitude toward GMOs (H1). Only the knowledge group’s attitude is not influenced by subjective norms (H4); however, they are the only group whose attitude is influenced by their perceived behavioral control (H6). Perceived behavioral control of all groups does not influence purchase intention (H7), but their subjective norms correlate with purchase intention (H5). Lastly, social media usage correlates with subjective norms and purchase intention (H8, H9). This reinforces the need for online awareness campaigns, as most respondents also depend on online media more than traditional media. Companies, governments, and NGOs can use this study to tailor GMO campaigns to different knowledge groups.

JGB 17238

Business Hacking: From Business Plans to Lean Methodology, An Action Research Study on the Methodology in Small and Micro-Business Ventures

Rommel G. Ramos / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Experiential learning, validated learning, Lean Startup Methodology (LSM), Customer Development Process, business plan creation, Business Model Canvas (BMC), Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected societies and economies around the globe and will permanently reshape our lives as it continues to unfold. According to the 2022 World Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP) report, produced by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), "Global growth will slow down over the next two years in the face of "fresh threats” from COVID-19 variants and rising inflation, debt and income inequality, the World Bank said on Tuesday in its latest report. “Entrepreneurs are looking for new ways to create and start their businesses. The COVID-19 pandemic emphasizes preparing entrepreneurs for a complex and uncertain world. As challenges arise, future leaders must be visionaries who can adapt quickly and solve problems nimbly. (Shinosaki & Rao 2021). Is the traditional practice of starting with business plan creation in line with the changing times, even as the COVID-19 pandemic overshadowed this? Shouldn't we also consider simplifying and performing a "business hack “by using another entrepreneurial approach to start new businesses? This study chronicles the "learning-by-doing “practices that incorporate real-life activities such as interviewing people, conducting surveys, observing their day-to-day activities, prototyping, learning from feedback gained, bouncing from c"onstructive failures,” iterating or pivoting, etc., into entrepreneurship education. These 'actionable' activities are all part of the "modern entrepreneurship" practices of the Lean Methodology. This Action Research was conducted among students of the local university in the Philippines at Makati City for two years, 2021-2023, as part of the curriculum of the Entrepreneurial Management course.

JGB 17241

The Deepfake Effect: Examining the Impact of Deepfake Advertisements on Gen Z and Millennial Filipinos’ Tiktok Shopping

Jedys Alagon, Monika May Ortega, Julie Anne Ishihara & Jeanne Ann Margaret Chua / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Artificial intelligence, Deepfake Videos, Advertisement, Online shopping Intentions, TikTok, Gen Z, Millennials, Consumer behavior

Abstract

Although Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized shopping platforms, this innovation also raises threats, like Deepfake technology, which can create manipulated video advertisements. Deepfake videos can be a powerful marketing tool, but it also has the potential to spread fake news, create scams, and facilitate identity theft. As Deepfake video advertisements evolve in the shopping landscape of Tiktok, this quantitative study aims to understand the shopping intention of Gen Z and Millennial customers in the Philippines after seeing AI-generated Deepfake ads on TikTok. This research incorporates a comprehensive literature review to contextualize Deepfake technology, Gen Z and Millennials in the Philippines, and TikTok. The theoretical framework used in this study draws upon the integration of the Media Richness (MR) theory, Informative Manipulation Tactics (IMT2) theory, and specific variables such as Perceived Media Richness (PRN) and Perceived Trust (PTT). "Quality of Information" is added to understand the Philippine market better. An online questionnaire was conducted to a sample of 100 respondents from the Gen Z and millennial demographics in the Philippines, followed by data analysis employing the Pearson Test of Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression. The study found that factors like perceived trust, quality of information, and personalization influence customers' online shopping intentions. These findings provide valuable insights for marketers, enabling them to develop effective strategies that address the challenges posed by Deepfake technology.    

JGB 17242

Interdependence between Gold, Oil, and US Dollar PH Peso Exchange Rate and the Main Sectoral Indices in the Philippines

Dioscoro Baylon & Marycris Albao / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Sectoral Indices, US Dollar Peso Exchange Rate, Gold, Oil

Abstract

This paper empirically investigated the interdependence of tradable assets, such as oil, gold, and the US dollar, to Philippine peso foreign exchange rates and the main sectoral indices in the Philippines. Daily index prices were used from January 2018 until June 2023 and were split between the pre-pandemic and during-periods. Several multiple regression analyses were performed to determine the relationships. The findings revealed that five of the six leading sectoral indices showed a negative significant interdependence with gold during the pre-pandemic period, except for the Property index. Also, four indices demonstrated significant positive interdependence, in contrast with the Industrial and Property indices, which showed negative significant interdependence with oil.

Similarly, before the pandemic, all the six leading sectoral indices had a negative significant interdependence with the $US-PHP peso exchange rate. On the other, during the pandemic, there were changes in interdependence, both in terms of the direction of the relationship and its significance. With gold, all the indices had positive significant interdependence except for Property. Regarding oil, there was a shift in the direction of the interdependence with the Industrial and Property indices, which exhibited a positive relationship compared to a negative one before the pandemic. Finally, the Financial and Mining sector indices also shifted in the direction of interdependence from negative to positive.

JGB 17243

Effects of Visual Merchandising in Do-it-Yourself and Hardware Stores in the Philippines

Alexis James Tud / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Visual merchandising, consumer purchase behavior, consumer attention, retail store, store atmosphere

Abstract

Retailers fight against tight competition, especially attracting customers. Visual merchandising is one of the forefront strategies in attracting customers, inviting them to enter the store and make a purchase. This practice is commonly used and noticeably seen in fashion and apparel settings, and most common in the articles is studying the effect of visual merchandising on consumer behavior. Moreover, the use of convenient sampling is the common sampling technique used. With that in mind, this study explores the effects of visual merchandising in do-it-yourself and hardware stores in the Philippines. Purposive sampling was utilized since the survey targeted a niche market, hence, Handyman consumers. A sample of 579 served as the study’s respondents in an online survey via Google survey, which was disseminated to random Handyman customers through the researcher's social media platform (Instagram and Facebook) and with the assistance of Handyman store operations officers. The data gathered from the survey were analyzed through frequency and percentage distribution and structural equation modeling. Using the framework adopted from Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior, the study examined the relationship between attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control towards visual merchandising, and customer purchase intention. Results revealed that subjective norms and perceived behavioral control have significant effects on purchase intention.

JGB 17244

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Sari-Sari Store Adoption and Usage of GCash in Metro Manila

Ryan Roy Virtudez & Ronnel Relao / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Gcash, Mobile Wallet, Sari-Sari Stores, Adoptions, COVID-19

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted many parts of daily life, including how businesses operate. The pandemic has impacted the adoption and use of GCash, a mobile payments platform in the Philippines, where sari-sari stores are a common form of the retail sector. This research paper aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the adoption and usage of GCash in Metro Manila sari-sari stores. The researchers used a quantitative method wherein data were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression, showing that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness are significant factors in sari-sari store adoption and usage of GCash. Intentions to use and actual usage of GCash are also significantly related. However, trust, security, and facilitating conditions do not show significant relationships. Most of the respondents belong to the older generation, which may need more familiarity or comfort with digital payment systems like GCash, which may influence their opinion of these variables as less important parameters. Further study is needed to understand better the factors influencing GCash acceptance and usage among sari-sari store owners. This may help businesses develop successful methods to promote digital payment use, resulting in a higher acceptance of digital payment systems in sari-sari stores.

JGB 17245

BUDOL IS REAL: Examining the Impact of Skin Care Product Reviews by TikTok Influencers among Filipino Gen Z in the Greater Manila Area

Karlvin Chester Vallejos, Ronnel Relao, Reuvelyne Shayne Dollete, Kristine Joy Ramos & Samuel Sebastian Santos / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Budol, TikTok, source credibility and attractiveness, skin care products, Filipino Gen Z, product reviews

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of TikTok influencer product reviews on TikTok among Generation Z in the Greater Manila Area in the Philippines, specifically the influence of skin care product reviews and the business implications of the “budol” phenomenon with Gen Z consumers. This research is anchored mainly on the Source Credibility and Attractiveness models and utilized a quantitative approach using a survey design with a sample size of 131 online respondents. The data was analyzed using SmartPLS software and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results indicated statistically significant relationships between familiarity, likability, and trustworthiness to consumer purchase intention. However, the relationship between expertise and similarity to purchase intention is insignificant. Future research may focus on cross-platform analysis, influencer selection criteria, and a mixed-method approach.

JGB 17246

The Byproduct of Extended Producer Responsibility Law: Assessing Current Waste Management Practices of Philippine Publicly Listed Industrial Firms

Joy S. Rabo, Ph.D. & Editha O. Trinidad / Read Full Paper

Keywords

extended producer responsibility, circular economy, SDG 12, waste management, Philippines

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the current waste management practices of publicly listed industrial firms and their contributions to the achievement of a circular economy based on the waste hierarchy.

There had yet to be a published study that focused on Philippine firms' reporting of industrial waste and its implications immediately after the implementation of an environmental-related act such as the Extended Producer Responsibility Law.

Document analysis was utilized. Specifically, 2022 sustainability reports of 53 Philippine publicly listed industrial firms were evaluated vis-à-vis related environmental laws, policies, and frameworks.

This study found that approximately 55% of sample firms supported the United Nations sustainable development goal related to responsible consumption (SDG 12) as one of their main priorities. It was also found that the top three waste management strategies employed were resource recovery, source reduction, and treatment and disposal.

With waste management practices within the two preferred waste hierarchy levels, the road to a circular economy in the Philippines can be attained with respect to industrial wastes, with the support of government, communities, and organizations. This contributes to the 2030 target of SDG, particularly SDG 12, at a global scale.

JGB 17247

Understanding the Cultural Significance of Homemade Hams in Filipino Christmas Celebrations: A Consumer Behavior Perspective

Dianna Azores, Nelson B. Guillen Jr. & Maria Vera E. Reyes / Read Full Paper

Keywords

Homemade Hams, Christmas Season, Consumer Behavior, Filipino Tradition

Abstract

This quantitative research study explored the cultural significance of homemade hams in Filipino Christmas celebrations from a consumer behavior perspective. The study seeks to understand why Filipinos preferred homemade hams during Christmas and the underlying factors contributing to their cultural significance. The findings of this study will provide valuable insights into consumer behavior patterns, shed light on the importance of homemade hams in Filipino traditions, and offer managerial implications for businesses operating in the food industry.

The motivation behind this study stems from the recognition that homemade hams play a prominent role in Filipino Christmas celebrations using the Cultural Theory of Food Choice. Despite commercial ham brands' availability, many Filipinos choose homemade hams for their festive gatherings. This research aims to identify and understand the factors influencing this consumer behavior, including cultural and emotional connections, taste preferences, and the preservation of traditions.

A quantitative research design was employed to collect and analyze data. A structured questionnaire was administered to 155 Filipino working millennial consumers or young urban professionals, ages 25-39, who purchased or consumed homemade hams during the past Christmas. The survey gathered demographic information, perceptions about homemade hams, reasons for their preference, and the cultural significance of homemade hams in their Christmas celebrations. Statistical analysis, such as descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling, was utilized to analyze the data and draw meaningful insights.

          The findings illuminated Filipinos' love of homemade hams and their importance in cultural preservation. The results revealed significant relationships between socio-demographic factors, food choice, preference, and intake. Specifically, socio-demographic factors positively influenced food preference, indicating that individuals' demographic characteristics play a role in shaping their preferences for homemade hams during Christmas celebrations. These findings interest companies, marketers, and entrepreneurs involved in homemade ham production, promotion, and distribution. Indeed, this research examined the cultural value of homemade hams in Filipino Christmas celebrations from a consumer behavior perspective.

JGB 17252

Reducing Tomato Waste: Stepping Up the Agriculture to Online Market

Dr. Minerva D. Ferranco & Tracy Moore S. Castrudez / Read Full Paper

Keywords

agricultural, tomato waste, online marketing, e-commerce, economical farming

Abstract

The Philippines is primarily an agricultural nation. Many of the population live in rural areas and rely on agriculture. As one of the most abundant agricultural products, Tomato is considered valuable amongst Filipinos. However, there are a lot of reports of overflowing supplies of tomatoes in the country. Different roots of the main problem resulted in plenty of agricultural waste. For almost two years, tomato farmers have suffered losses due to oversupply. Production in the last quarter of 2022 climbed to almost 1% in the corresponding quarter of 2021. Parts of the country registered losses because of tomato waste. There are not enough buyers to meet the supply of the crops. This could be attributed partly to pandemic restrictions, but most farmers need to be oriented on more economically viable farming and marketing methods. Online Market can perform a big help and impact on preventing further losses. Consumers widely use online platforms for buying or purchasing to make it less hassle and more convenient than buying in physical stores. It could also be marketed and distributed through E-commerce platforms. Through online marketing, a wide range of markets can be reached.