DESCRIPTION
The Journal of Global Business is an Journal for those who present their research at the Global Business Conference held twice a year in Manila, Philippines. This conference is organized by the Association of Training Institutions for Foreign Trade in Asia and the Pacific. The Journal contains researches of professors in business and other fields.
ISSN: 2350-7179 (Online Journal)
Journal issues
Volume 1, issue 1 (2012)
volume 2, issue 1 (2013)
volume 3, issue 1 (2014)
volume 4, issue 1 (2015)
volume 5, issue 1 (2016)
volume 7, issue 1 (2018)
volume 8, issue 1 (2019)
volume 9, issue 1 (2020)
volume 10, issue 1 (2021)
volume 10, issue 2 (2021)
volume 11, issue 1 (2022)
volume 11, issue 2 (2022)
volume 12, issue 1 (2023)
volume 12, issue 2 (2023)
volume 13, issue 1 (2024)
VOLUME 13, ISSUE 2 (2024)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (2025)
Volume 14, issue 2 (2025)
VOLUME 14 ISSUE 2 (2025)
JGB 19205
“The Role of Employee Engagement and Intention to Stay: Evidence from Business Process Outsourcing Company Employees in Quezon City”
Keywords
Employee Engagement, Intention to Stay, Emotional Engagement, Behavioral Engagement, Cognitive Engagement, Supportive Work Environment
Abstract
This study examined the role of employee engagement in influencing the intention to stay among Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) employees in Quezon City, this study focuses on the correlation between employee engagement (emotional, behavioral, cognitive engagement, and supportive work environment) and intention to stay. This study applied quantitative—correlational research design to determine the relationship between the employee engagement and intention to stay. Non-probability was applied due to no defined population of BPO employees in Quezon City and convenience sampling were utilized for collecting data. A total of 306 participants were surveyed to evaluate their level of employee engagement and its impact on their intention to remain with their organizations. The study findings revealed a significant correlation between employee engagement in terms of emotional, behavioral, cognitive engagement, and supportive work environment—and the intention to stay of BPO employees in Quezon City. In statistical results, the Supportive Work Environment is the highest-rated factor that influences the intention to stay when compared to emotional, behavioral, and cognitive engagement. By applying the results of this study, the Human Resource Department (HR) may utilize the strategies to improve values-aligned corporate environment, employee recognition, and the positive work environment. Promoting diversity and inclusion, continuous feedback mechanisms, and well-being initiatives can further contribute to the motivation of the employees to remain in their organization.
Abstract
This study explores the impact of smart office tools on employee productivity, focusing on four key dimensions: comfort, health, safety and security, and technology usability. A descriptive research design was employed, utilizing a survey questionnaire that gathered data from 372 respondents working in a smart office setting. The findings reveal that the smart office tools significantly enhance productivity, with respondents reporting high levels of satisfaction across all dimensions. Comfort received a grand mean of 4.39, health 4.41, safety and security 4.66, and technology usability 4.59. Key highlights include the effective management of noise levels and ergonomic design for comfort, the promotion of physical health through ergonomic tools, the assurance of safety through advanced security systems, and the seamless integration of user-friendly technologies that streamline work processes. Additionally, the study found no significant differences in productivity levels when grouped by sex and civil status. However, significant differences were observed in technology usability based on age, in comfort based on educational attainment, and in comfort, health, safety, and technology based on job position. These findings suggest that while smart office tools generally enhance productivity, certain factors such as age, educational attainment, and job role may influence how employees experience and benefit from these smart tools.
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess students’ purchase intentions through their level of exposure to TikTok influencers’ short-form videos using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It also analyses the frequency of the common products they see in TikTok short-form videos. Additionally, it aims to contribute to the existing literature on purchase intentions and the impact of TikTok influencers’ short-form videos. This study utilized the simple random sampling technique as a probability sampling method. The findings revealed that the majority of our respondents are female and aged 21 years old and above. The majority of them state being “always” exposed to TikTok influencer short-form video advertisements, particularly on “fashion and accessories” and “beauty skin care” products. In addition, they are “likely” to purchase a product if it aligns with their psychological, belonging, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs. In terms of safety needs, students are “most likely” to purchase a product if the TikTok influencer displays an FDA approval or certificate. When grouped by age and gender, the students report “insignificant” differences in their purchase intentions, indicating that they share similar thoughts and feelings when making a purchase. Moreover, this study recommends the development of a clearer and more concise questionnaire, given that the study revealed insignificant findings. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to conduct additional research on evaluating the consumer purchase intentions using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, encompassing a wider range of adult populations. Additionally, they may also be tracking the actual behavior of the students.
Abstract
The objective of this study is to explore the role of "AI powered platforms" and highlight the impact of AI platforms in terms of recruitment and talent acquisition. Also, the relationship between the experience of respondent through the AI powered platform and utilization of AI powered platform in talent acquisition and job performance. The specific goal of this study is to gather data and information from hiring employee known as human resources department in different BPO companies residing in Makati City. The researcher gathered data through the non-probability format utilizing the purposive sampling technique and gathered 306 respondents in Makati City. The researcher assessed the participants by conducting both of online and face-to-face survey. Through this, the study determines the familiarization of respondents among few AI platform tools here in the Philippines, and some of them resulted with ‘somehow familiar' to classified AI platform. Consequently, the findings revealed the significant relationship of AI – powered platform recruitment in talent acquisition and employee job performance. It aforementioned the involvement and utilization of AI in terms of their productivity and work quality inside the organization. Also, with the employment of AI platforms aids it highlights the faster analyzation of candidate’s information conveying the responsibility of transparency and fair judgment. Hence, the study suggested to increase the susceptibility of AI platforms in recruitment and selecting candidates to become familiarize and conscious with its utilization. Overall, it comprehends to attain facile, efficiency, and effective recruitments processes among human resources department in Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) companies.
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This study examined the relationship between organizational commitment and employee satisfaction among 272 legal support personnel in Taguig City. Specifically, it explored the levels of affective, continuance, and normative commitment among employees and how these relate to various aspects of employee satisfaction, including pay, co-worker relationships and the nature of the work itself. The findings revealed that all three types of organizational commitment—affective, continuance, and normative—showed significant positive correlations with employee satisfaction. Affective commitment consistently showed a very weak to moderate relationship, while continuance and normative commitment demonstrated weak to moderate correlations across various dimensions of employee satisfaction. Among the three, normative commitment showed the highest correlation, particularly in terms of employees’ satisfaction with their work itself. With this, while employees already show a strong emotional attachment to the law firm, it is recommended that the firm may adopt reflective meetings and mentorship programs to sustain and reinforce this commitment. Such initiatives may help maintain a strong organizational culture and inspire continued pride and dedication to their role in the legal field.
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In an era dominated by hyper-personalized consumer experiences, the rising popularity of blind boxes presents a paradox: why are people increasingly drawn to purchases where they have no control over the outcome? Pop Mart, a leading blind box brand, has turned uncertainty into success by leveraging scarcity, anticipation, and social hype to build deep emotional connections with consumers. Unlike traditional franchises with established media narratives, Pop Mart has developed a strong fan base despite its characters having no pre-existing stories. This study sought to understand how Pop Mart has successfully built an emotionally resonant character universe without traditional storytelling. It also explored how Filipino fandoms co-create meanings for Pop Mart’s characters in online communities. Using Participatory Culture Theory, Social Identity Theory, and Parasocial Interaction Theory, this study examined how fans construct character identities through digital engagement and user-generated content. An exploratory qualitative approach was employed using in-depth interviews with Filipino Pop Mart collectors, aged 18-28, in Metro Manila. Additionally, virtual ethnography was conducted to analyze interactions in Facebook groups dedicated to Pop Mart collecting. A thematic analysis uncovered the psychological and cultural dynamics that drive fan engagement. Findings reveal that Filipino Pop Mart fans are drawn to the figures' physical and social appeal, forming emotional bonds and engaging in parasocial relationships. Collectors actively shape fandom through social media, trading, and community support. Fan works deepen identity expression, thereby reinforcing loyalty. Despite external criticisms, fans defend repeat purchases as meaningful. Pop Mart thrives from emotional value, participatory culture, and strong brand connection, differing from the usual media narrative building. This study contributes to consumer behavior and communication research by analyzing how digital platforms, social media, and interactive branding shape modern fandoms. It also addresses ethical concerns in consumer culture, aligning with UN SDG 12.
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The rapid evolution of digital platforms has transformed the educational landscape, with YouTube emerging as a significant resource for learning and knowledge dissemination. This study explores the influence of Hospitality Management (HM)-related content on YouTube on the self-efficacy of students enrolled at St. Therese–MTC Colleges, La Fiesta Site. Self-efficacy, based on Bandura’s (1997) theory of perceived capability, is a critical factor in determining an individual’s belief in their ability to achieve goals and perform tasks within a specific domain.
A quasi-experimental research design was employed, involving BSHM 2-1 and BSHM 3-1 students, who were selected through purposive sampling to ensure that participants had relevant academic backgrounds. The study spanned an academic year, during which students were exposed to curated YouTube content focused on hospitality topics. Pretest and posttest surveys were administered to measure their levels of confidence and perceived competence before and after exposure.
The primary research tool was a structured survey questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, were used to establish baseline self-efficacy levels. Inferential statistics, particularly paired sample t-tests, were used to determine if there were significant changes in self-efficacy scores and whether demographic factors such as age and sex had any influence.
Findings revealed a weak negative correlation between pretest and posttest scores (r = -0.25), with a non-significant p-value (p = 0.847). This suggests no statistically meaningful relationship between initial and final scores, indicating that other variables may have contributed to changes in student self-efficacy.
The study recommends further investigation into additional factors that may affect students’ confidence, such as instructional methods, learning environments, or individual motivation. Moreover, encouraging students to engage with a wider variety of hospitality-related YouTube content may enhance their learning experience and help build stronger professional self-confidence.
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This study examined the influence of AI tools in teaching strategies, the roles of educators, and instructional effectiveness under the lens of the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework. Results showed that faculty rated themselves highly across all TPACK domains, which means they are ready for AI integration. Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) and Content Knowledge (CK) are rated the highest, which corresponds well with the literature stressing strong disciplinary and pedagogical foundations. On the contrast, Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK) and TPACK got lower scores. So it becomes apparent that more integration of technology with pedagogy through deliberate instructional design is needed (Mishra & Koehler). Correlational analyses indicated strong and significant relationships between Technological Knowledge (TK) and TPK in relation to teaching strategies (r = .588, .653) and perceived effectiveness (r = .585, .653), thus confirming that technological fluency provides for more fluid, student-centered instructions (Roy & Paul, 2023). However, the Pedagogical Knowledge (PK) correlations with effectiveness (r = .122) and challenges (r = .004) were considerably weak, thus implying that traditional pedagogy is not sufficient in an AI-driven environment (Alam & Mohanty, 2023). Further, moderate correlations between the various TPACK domains and the challenges indicate the existing barriers of tool access, institutional support, and ethical dilemmas (Schiff, 2022). Therefore, training across domains and institutional supports must be reinforced for a sustainable and ethical AI integration.
Abstract
As the world's largest energy consumer and carbon emitter, China's energy sector emits a large amount of greenhouse gases. Under the pressure of carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets, enterprises need to quickly transform. This study aims to explore how environment, social governance policy and regulatory requirements are being complied by manufacturing industries. The issues and challenges underscore the crucial significance of Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) practices in propelling Chinese enterprises towards sustainable development. They also spotlight the role of the energy and manufacturing sectors, where companies like Sinopec and BYD operate, as major contributors to carbon emissions and, simultaneously, as key players in achieving the nation's sustainable development goals.
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With the increase in demand for energy, renewable energy technologies hold considerable potential for energy security and promote sustainable electricity generation. Solar energy, in particular, is being explored as it could become the primary energy source by 2050. To enhance solar power efficiency, this study focuses on designing and testing a dual-axis Arduino-based solar tracker with a peripheral device that maximizes solar energy absorption by a photovoltaic (PV) panel, which was tested on its current and wattage yield. The peripheral device utilized Arduino technology, connected to components, specifically two servo motors for the dynamic adjustment and tilt of the solar panel, and four light-dependent resistors to detect the direction of maximum sunlight and send corresponding signals to the servos. Resistor plugs were also integrated into the circuit to act as a stable load to measure energy. The study was conducted for 5 days, from 8:00 AM to 2:00 PM, with hourly monitoring of watt-hour and ampere-hour output using a wattmeter. The solar tracker with a peripheral device successfully generated substantial power and current, demonstrating an efficient sun-tracking mechanism over the five days. On average, it produced more energy than a static solar panel. These findings suggest the solar tracker’s potential for use in low-power systems and highlight future research and business opportunities in solar tracking technology for larger solar PV.
Abstract
This study explores the integration of AI-based predictive models, specifically SpaceThumb, in optimizing decision-making and resource allocation for resource-constrained space missions. SpaceThumb is an experimental automated space mission decision-making tool trained using augmented data through Google's Vertex AI (AutoML). By framing decisions as the fundamental economic units in space, the research highlights how models trained on synthetic datasets using existing tools like GPT-4o and Google’s Vertex AI could outperform traditional methods. GPT-4o is a large language model with multimodal capabilities developed by OpenAI while Google's Vertex AI is an enterprise platform for building and deploying machine learning models. Results demonstrate a significant improvement in predictive accuracy, with Precision-Recall Area Under the Curve (PR AUC) increasing from 0.934 to 0.961 and Log Loss decreasing from 0.274 to 0.22. The findings underline the potential for combining AI insights with human judgment using simple Mathematics to enhance mission planning and economic efficiency in space exploration.
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JGB 19244
“Enhancing Time Series Forecasting of the National Food Authority Rice Stocks Using a Hybrid Bayesian EWMA and Light GBM Model”
Keywords
Rice Stocks, Forecasting, Bayesian Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (Bayesian EWMA), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (Light GBM)
Abstract
This paper examines the efficacy of combining Bayesian Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (Bayesian EWMA) with Light Gradient Boosting Machine (Light GBM) residual learning. With Bayesian EWMA as the core model capturing underlying temporal dynamics and uncertainty in stock data and utilizing Light GBM to model and rectify residual errors, learning non-linear patterns and interactions unexplained by the Bayesian EWMA component, this creates a hybrid forecasting model that improves the precision of forecasting NFA rice stock levels in the Philippines. The results showed that the hybrid approach far surpasses the individual forecasting models in terms of accuracy, precision, and reliability. This successful hybridization is a promising step forward in time series forecasting methods for agricultural and policy-related fields and offers a solid and interpretable solution, making it particularly apt for operational applications in public food administration.
Abstract
In the age of rapid digital transformation, artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming deeply embedded in business operations, presenting both opportunities and significant cybersecurity challenges. This study investigates the awareness, perceptions, and ethical inclinations of fourth-year Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) students at the National Teachers College regarding AI-related cyber risks. Using a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design, the study surveyed 170 randomly selected students through a structured questionnaire. Key areas explored include students’ familiarity with AI-driven threats (e.g., phishing, deepfakes, adversarial attacks), their perceptions of AI’s impact on business cybersecurity, and their perceived readiness to join an AI-integrated workforce. Results indicate that students are moderately aware of AI cyber risks, with high awareness of phishing but limited recognition of emerging threats like algorithmic bias and adversarial AI. Perceptions of AI threats were generally serious and aligned with business relevance, while readiness levels were moderate, driven more by willingness to learn than by actual curriculum exposure. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlations between awareness, perception, and readiness, with perception showing the strongest relationship to future workforce preparedness. The findings underscore a readiness gap and emphasize the need for enhanced curriculum integration of AI ethics and cybersecurity concepts in business education. The study recommends interdisciplinary academic strategies, industry-academe collaboration, and self-directed learning initiatives to develop a digitally competent, ethically grounded, and cyber-aware future business workforce.
Abstract
With phishing scams emerging as the most prevalent financial fraud in the Philippines, this study examines how customer familiarity with anti-fraud measures impacts perceived security, trust in privacy practices, and loyalty outcomes in retail banking. Using a framework adapted from Hoffman & Birnbrich (2012) and incorporating Technology Acceptance Model and SOR-ELM constructs, the study applied Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze survey responses from 159 Filipino retail banking customers.
Results reveal a significant positive relationship between anti-fraud familiarity and perceived security, which strongly influences customers' intention to maintain banking relationships but does not predict cross-buying intention. Notably, familiarity with fraud prevention does not directly influence trust in privacy practices, nor do privacy practices significantly impact customer loyalty or purchase intentions. These findings highlight that while perceived security enhances customer retention, privacy trust alone may not drive deeper engagement. The study emphasizes customer education in fraud prevention as a strategic tool for fostering long-term relationships and challenges traditional assumptions about privacy as a primary driver of loyalty.
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This study examines the effect of financial socialization on college students’ intention to use Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) services, and explores how demographic factors—such as age, sex, year level, and monthly allowance—moderate this relationship. A quantitative research design with causal and explanatory approaches was applied. Data were gathered through a structured survey using stratified sampling, involving 364 college students from National University – Baliwag.
The instrument assessed levels of financial socialization and intention to use BNPL, while demographic data were used to analyze moderating effects. Statistical tools such as effect size and multiple regression analysis supported the interpretation of results.
Findings reveal a significant relationship between financial socialization and BNPL usage intention. Notably, age and monthly allowance were found to significantly moderate this relationship, indicating that financial behaviors differ across student groups.
The study is limited to students from a single institution, which may affect generalizability. Future research should consider a broader population and longitudinal methods. These findings emphasize the role of financial education and family influence in shaping responsible financial behavior. The results may guide schools, policymakers, and BNPL providers in designing targeted financial literacy initiatives and promoting more responsible usage among students.
Abstract
In the Philippines, TikTok has become a popular platform for online shopping and changed how many Filipinos buy products, especially in the beauty industry, where buying decisions are influenced by online sellers and influencers. However, few research studies examine how TikTok affiliate marketing affects the spending habits of consumers in areas like Bulacan, which has its own culture and is not often the focus of studies. Existing literature focuses on general e-commerce, urban markets, or narrow age groups, revealing empirical, cultural, and demographic gaps. The study examined the impact of TikTok affiliate marketing on the spending habits of cosmetics consumers in Bulacan and determined how demographic factors such as age, sex, and income level influence these behaviors. A quantitative causal research design was used. Respondents were aged 18–30 and had purchased cosmetics through TikTok affiliate links within the last three months. A structured questionnaire measured five key variables: perception of usefulness, trust, promotion, consumer feedback, and social impact. Data were analyzed using Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR) to account for the ordinal nature of Likert-scale data. The findings of the study indicated that all five variables significantly influenced consumer spending, with social impact as the strongest predictor. Additionally, on the demographic factors, age and income level were found to have significant direct effects on spending behavior, while sex was not significant. These results show that marketers should consider demographic background and culture when creating online marketing campaigns. The study adds to the limited research available in the local setting and encourages more studies in other areas and industries to better understand how affiliate marketing affects consumer behavior.
Abstract
The Department of Public Order and Safety – Transportation Regulatory Unit (POSO-TRU) regulates transportation services, including issuing and renewing permits and managing franchises. They face challenges due to manual processes and inefficient service delivery, leading to delays that discourage drivers from seeking official assistance. This situation fosters reliance on informal, often inaccurate, peer advice. To address operational inefficiencies, POSO-TRU designed and implemented PermiS0, a web-based system that digitizes and centralizes core public services. PermiS0 incorporates a chatbot powered by Voiceflow and Large Language Models (LLMs), providing real-time assistance and reducing in-person consultations. The system features functionalities including application monitoring, user registration, ready-to-print documents, SMS notifications, and admin dashboards. Key modules cover permit applications, renewals, franchise dropping, and application tracking, creating a platform for public and private transportation operators.
The research details system architecture, security protocols, hardware requirements, and cost analysis to ensure scalability and sustainability. Developed using agile methodology, PermiS0 was enhanced through stakeholder feedback, allowing rapid prototyping and iterative improvements aligned with operational needs. Evaluation through surveys and expert reviews demonstrated high user satisfaction, with ratings: Usability at 4.5, Functionality at 4.6, Ease of Use at 4.5, Reliability at 4.4, and Security at 4.4. These scores indicate compliance with ISO/IEC 25010:2011 software quality standards. The study concludes that PermiS0 enhances regulatory service delivery, streamlining processes, improving communication, and promoting equitable access to services. This project serves as a model for efficient, transparent, user-centered public service in transportation regulation.
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This paper examines how developing a sustainability mindset can generate value for multiple stakeholders in the maritime industry, including seafarers, shipowners, maritime schools, regulatory bodies, and the environment. Drawing on quantitative findings about Filipino seafarers’ attitudes and behavior, and integrating secondary literature, the study highlights how the components of a sustainability mindset, emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, ecological worldview, and systems thinking foster long-term thinking, ethical decision-making, and collaborative problem-solving. Look, having these qualities isn't just about being a better person at work; it actually helps companies build teams that last, keep their reputation shiny, and align them with all those worldwide "let's save the planet" targets. Honestly, the paper makes a valid point: thinking sustainably isn't just a nice-to-have anymore. It's table stakes if you want to shake up the maritime industry for real.
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There have been observations on the instability of prices and supply of commodities. Such instability is disadvantageous to both the producer and consumer. Policies or decision rules can be identified to contribute to controlling price and supply fluctuations. This paper contributes to this discussion by developing a System Dynamics model and testing three common generic policies in the simulation model. The results show that these three policies are not successful in containing price and supply fluctuations.
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This study investigated the impact of abusive supervision— defined as the sustained display of hostile verbal and non-verbal behaviors by supervisors— on coworker incivility or low-intensity deviant behaviors that violate norms of respect in the workplace emphasizing the mediating role of resilience and the moderating effect of external locus of control. Drawing on the Conservation of Resources Theory and Affective Events Theory, the study proposes a moderated mediation model to explain how psychological and dispositional factors influence interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 333 employees across various industries in Metro Manila and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results indicated that abusive supervision significantly predicted coworker incivility (β = 0.433, p< .001) and was negatively associated with resilience (β = 0.483, p < .001). Resilience significantly predicted coworker incivility (β = 0.201, p = .002), and a significant mediation effect was observed in the abusive supervision → resilience → coworker incivility pathway (β = 0.097, p = .005). Although external locus of control did not directly predict coworker incivility (β = 0.099, p = .108), it significantly moderated the relationship between abusive supervision and coworker incivility (β = –0.102, p = .026), indicating that the negative impact of abusive supervision on coworker incivility was stronger among individuals with a higher external locus of control. These findings contribute to understanding how toxic leadership cascades into lateral workplace aggression and underscore the buffering role of resilience. Practical implications highlight the importance of leadership development and psychological resource-building interventions in mitigating workplace incivility.
JGB 19261
“Teachers’ Experiences in Curriculum Adaptation and Delivery via Technology Integration: A Phenomenographic Analysis for a Global Business Education Industry”
Keywords
Curriculum Adaptation, Global Education Reform MATATAG Curriculum, Phenomenography, Teacher Experiences, Technology Integration in Education
Abstract
This study explored elementary teachers' experiences in adapting and delivering the curriculum through technology during the first year of implementing the MATATAG Curriculum in the Philippines. Using a phenomenographic approach, data were collected from focus groups with twelve teachers from Kindergarten, Grade 1, and Grade 4 in various school settings. The analysis revealed notable differences in how teachers understood and utilized technology, ranging from simple tools for instruction and communication to more strategic adaptations that addressed curriculum and resource limitations. These practices were shaped by factors such as grade level, school location, access to infrastructure, individual digital skills, and teaching methods. Kindergarten and primary grade teachers often focused on visualization and engagement, while upper-grade teachers demonstrated greater autonomy and purposefulness in aligning digital tools with curriculum goals. These findings emphasize the urgent need for targeted professional development and access to digital tools, thereby contributing to global efforts to transform digital education. They demonstrate how teachers in resource-limited settings respond to reforms, which in turn impacts the growing demand for digitally skilled workers in business education. As digital skills become essential, aligning teacher training with technological advances will better prepare graduates for innovation-driven economies. The study advocates for policy changes that promote inclusive, scalable digital learning, incorporating adaptable strategies, professional autonomy, and context-specific solutions. It highlights the vital role of education in workforce development, linking classroom activities to global business and digital transformation goals.